Children measurements

Goetzova I, Skovranek I, Samanek M (1977) Muscle blood flow in children, measured by 133Xe clearance method. Cor Vasa, 19(2) 161-164. 

Treatment of GH-deficient subjects with human GH (hGH) generally causes a prompt rise in immunoreactive SM-C/IGF-I levels, detectable within a few hours and reaching a peak value approximately 24 hours after administration of the hormone (C19). Similar to SM-C/IGF-I in the serum of healthy subjects, SM-C/IGF-I induced by acute hGH treatment is found mainly in the 150,000-molecular-mass fraction in serum (C19). Rosenfeld et al. (R12) have reported that the rise in serum SM-C/IGF-I in GH-deficient children measured over the first 5 days of hGH treatment is highly predictive of the growth fitctor level determined after 6 months of regular hGH administration. However, there is disagreement as to the relationship be-... 

Children treated with anthracycline-containing regimens have been foxmd to be particularly susceptible to cardiotoxicity [20 ]. A group of 21 children (aged 4-18 years) diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were treated with a combination including anthracyclines and were compared with 20 healthy children of similar age [26 ]. The mean cumulative anthracycline dose received by the children was 142.5 mg/m, and brachial artery reactivity was only 3.4% in the anthracycline-treated children compared to 12.1% in the healthy children, measured 2-85 months after anthracycline treatment. 

On what basis should an investigator select a behavioural endpoint Many past studies have relied on some measure of motor activity (see Bornschein et al, 1980). Their findings have proven to be remarkably inconsistent. Also, besides the lack of a reliable treatment effect, motor activity may have little correspondence with the more complex functions that are of primary concern in the human population. Intelligence tests, used extensively in studies of lead-exposed children, measure complex integrative functions and may even include sensory, perceptual and motor components. 

In two studies in the winters of 1989-1990 and 1990-1991 in Utah Valley, Utah (61,62), panels of school children measured their peak flow daily before going to bed. In both cases, small but significant reductions in peak flow were found associated with increased mean PMio concentrations that day. In both studies there appeared to be associations between lower peak flow and higher PMio concentrations for up to 5 preceding days, and stronger associations were found when these lag structures were included in the models. Similar winter panel studies of school children have been conducted in the Netherlands (59). Effects were observed between evening peak flow and daily mean PMio concentrations, and 7-day mean PMio concentration, whieh were similar to those observed in Utah. 

Several approaches have been investigated recently to achieve this multivariate calibration transfer. All of these require that a small set of transfer samples is measured on all instruments involved. Usually, this is a small subset of the larger calibration set that has been measured on the parent instrument A. Let Z indicate the set of spectra for the transfer set, X the full set of spectra measured on the parent instrument and a suffix Aor B the instrument on which the spectra were obtained. The oldest approach to the calibration transfer problem is to apply the calibration model, b, developed for the parent instrument A using a large calibration set (X ), to the spectra of the transfer set obtained on each instrument, i.e. and Zg. One then regresses the predictions (=Z b ) obtained for the parent instrument on those for the child instrument yg (=Z b ), giving... 

All other approaches try and relate the child spectra to the parent spectra. In the patented method of Shenk and Westerhaus [41 Sh], in its simplest form, one first applies a wavelength correction and then a correction for the absorbance. Each wavelength channel i of the parent instrument is linked to a nearby wavelength channel j(i) in the child instrument, namely the one to which it is maximally correlated. Then, for each pair of wavelengths, i for the parent and j i) for the child, a simple linear regression is carried out, linking the pair of measured absorbances... 

In this way the child spectrum is transformed into a spectrum as if measured on the parent instrument. In a more refined implementation one establishes the highest correlating wavelength channel through quadratic interpolation and, subsequently, the corresponding intensity at this non-observed channel through linear interpolation. In this way a complete spectrum measured on the child instrument can be transformed into an estimate of the spectrum as if it were measured on the parent instrument. The calibration model developed for the parent instrument may be applied without further ado to this spectram. The drawback of this approach is that it is essentially univariate. It cannot deal with complex differences between dissimilar instruments. 

In the direct standardization introduced by Wang et al. [42] one finds the transformation needed to transfer spectra from the child instrument to the parent instrument using a multivariate calibration model for the transformation matrix = ZgF. The transformation matrix F (qxq) translates spectra Zg that are actually measured on the child instrument B into spectra Z that appear as if they were measured on instrument A. Predictions are then obtained by applying the old calibration model to these simulated spectra Z ... 

Doses of chlorpyrifos in human volunteers were also estimated using physical measurements. Air sampling was conducted in order to estimate the inhalation dose to each volunteer. Dislodgeable residues were also measured throughout the study to estimate the dermal contribution to total dose. Finally, hand rinses were conducted on each volunteer immediately following the 4-hr activity period to assess the potential contribution to total dose from hand exposure and to estimate an oral dose to a crawling child. 

Bhattacharya A, Smelser DT, Berger O, et al. 1998. The effect of succimer therapy in lead intoxication using postural balance as a measure A case study in a nine year old child. Neurotoxicology (Little Rock) 19(l) 57-64. 

Abbyad P, Shi XH, Childs W, McAnaney TB, Cohen BE, Boxer SG (2007) Measurement of solvation responses at multiple sites in a globular protein. J Phys Chem B 111(28) 8269-8276... 

A 3-year-old boy consumed a liquid from a container in the family garage He shows central nervous system (CNS) depression, acidosis, suppressed respiration, and oxalate crystals in the urine. Besides supportive and corrective measures, ethanol was administered to the child. 

Diagnosis of a urea cycle defect in the older child can be elusive. Patients may present with psychomotor retardation, growth failure, vomiting, behavioral abnormalities, perceptual difficulties, recurrent cerebellar ataxia and headache. It is therefore essential to monitor the blood ammonia in any patient with unexplained neurological symptoms, but hyperammonemia is inconstant with partial enzymatic defects. Measurement of blood amino acids and urinary orotic acid is indicated. 

Tsikas, D., Measurement of physiological S-nitrosothiols a problem child and a challenge, Nitric Oxide 9 (2003), p. 53-55... 

In this short article it is reported that the successful validation of a Dutch method to measure the migration of plasticisers from PVC toys and child-care items means that a European Commission ban onphthalates is now less... 

Children s Diagnostic Scale. The Children s Diagnostic Scale (CDS) is used in children up to 15 years of age to assist in the diagnosis and classification of the child s condition. It contains 13 items, eight of which have a seven-point scale. The others are specific diagnostic questions. It measures current status only and is mainly used at the start of a study, although it may be used at the termination of the study as well. 

Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. We ask ourselves Who am 1 to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, fabulous Actually, who are you not to be You are a child of God. Your playing small doesn t serve the world. There s nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won t feel insecure around you. 

There are many examples in our everyday life in which the calibration of a measuring device is important. When we step on the bathroom scale, we want to be assured that the scale reads our correct weight. When we measure the body temperature of our sick child, we want the temperature that is displayed to be correct. When we fill our car s gas tank at the gas pump, we want the pump to display the correct number of gallons and therefore the correct cost. In other words, we want these devices to be properly... 

Another measure of the homoaromatic stabilization of the homotropylium systems can be gained from the heats of protonation of the ketones [17]—[20] (Childs et al., 1983). The difference in heats of protonation between [18] and [19] (A//I8 i9) is significantly larger than the corresponding difference between [17] and [18] (AHl7 ls). This increase in stabilization is associated with the homoaromaticity of [21]. Similarly, there is a large discontinuity between A//17 18 and A//18 2o which is associated with the aromaticity of the tropylium ion [22]. 

The existence in every human being of a vast array of attributes which are potentially measurable (whether by present methods or not), and probably often uncorrelated mathematically, makes quite tenable the hypothesis that practically every human being is a deviate in some respects. Some deviations are, of course, more marked and some more important than others. If this hypothesis is valid, newborn children cannot validly be considered as belonging in either one of two groups, normal and abnormal. Substantially all of them are in a sense "abnormal." In the majority, the "abnormalities" may be well enough concealed so that they are not revealed by clinical examination, though they may easily have an important bearing upon the susceptibility of the individual child to disease later in life. 

Population PK screening in Phase II and Phase III is useful in assessing the impact of altered hepatic function (as a covariate) in PKs, if those patients are not excluded from Phase II and III trials, and if there is sufficient PK information collected about the patients to characterize them reasonably well. If a population PK approach is used, patients in Phase II and III studies are assessed for encephalopathy, ascites, serum bilirubin, serum albumin, and prothrombin time (which are components of the Child-Pugh score) or a similar group of measures of hepatic function. The population PK study, then, would include the following features ... 

Similar to the TCAs, there have been reports of sudden deaths reported in children with ADHD who were taking both clonidine and a psychostimulant. For this reason, precautionary measures should be taken before starting a patient (particularly a child) on clonidine. A baseline EKG should be obtained before starting the medication. If the EKG shows any problems in the heart s electrical conduction system, then clonidine should not be used. In addition, if the patient has any history of known heart problems, fainting spells, slow heart rate (i.e., less than 60 beats per minute), or low blood pressure, we would recommend avoiding clonidine. When clonidine is used, the patient s blood pressure and pulse rate should be measured at each office visit, and an EKG should be periodically repeated. 

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