African-American children

There are an estimated 150,000 cases of SE each year in the United States, with approximately 55,000 associated deaths, and an estimated annual direct cost for inpatient admissions of 4 billion.4,5 Status epilepticus occurs more frequently in African-Americans, children, and the elderly. Additional attention should be given to elderly individuals with SE, as other underlying disease states may complicate therapy and worsen prognosis.6... 

Baskin, M. L., H. K. Ahluwalia, and K. Resnicow. Obesity Intervention Among African-American Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America 48(4) (2001) 1027-1039. 

Maurer, Katherine. African-American Children Less Likely to Get Ritalin. Clinical Psychiatry News 24 (1996) 1-2. 

Eleven (9%) of the children developed TD, compared to 0% in a matched control group (p =. 003). The TD rate was particularly high among African American children (15%). Given the relatively short period of exposure, these rates are astronomically high and should discourage any attempts to give neuroleptics, atypical or not, to children. 

Moore PE, Ryckman KKI, Williams SM et al (2009) Genetic variants of GSNOR and ADRB2 influence response to albuterol in African-American children with severe asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol 44 649-654... 

In 3 - 5 year-old children of low socio-economic status, Caucasian children not expressing Db exhibit twice the severity of caries than do African-American children who have a... 

Canino Spurlock, 1994). Clinicians working with this population must be aware of and incorporate the cultural issues and perceptions of medication use that influence the course of counseling among ethnic and minority children (Dziegielewski, Leon, Green, 1998). Dziegielewski et al. (1998) illustrate an example of this when they assert that African American children may learn that it is not culturally acceptable to seek help for mental health problems from formal institutions and professionals outside the family or culture. 

Dziegielewski, S. F., Leon, A. M., Green, C. E. (1998). African American children A culturally sensitive model for group practice. Early Child Development and Care, 147, 83-97. 

Oberddrster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE (1994) Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect 102 173-179 Ostro B, Lipsett M, Mann J et al (2001) Air pollution and exacerbation of asthma in African-American children in Los Angeles. Epidemiology 12 200-208 Parker JD, Woodruff TJ, Basu R et al (2005) Air pollution and birth weight among term infants in California. Pediatrics 115 121-128... 

Rand CS, Butz AM, Huss K, Eggleston P, Thompson L, Malveaux F. Adherence with therapy and access to care the relationship to excess asthma morbidity among African-American children. Pediatr Asthma AUeigy Immunol 1994 8 179-184. 

Detroit, Ml, African-American children from the inner city, community exposures... 

Rochester, NY Low SES, mostly African-American children, enrolled at 5-7 months community Pb exposures (172) Stanford—Binet Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (SBIS-4), 3 and 5 years old PbB peak, 9.7 pg/dl at 2 years. Lifetime PbB means 7.7 pg/dl, 3 years 7.4 ig/dl, 5 years. Peak PbB at 5 years < 10 pg/ dl, 56% of children Adjusted significant Inverse a ociations of PbB and lull-scale IQ, both years Canfield et al. (2003)... 

Min et al. (2009) examined children s IQ and academic achievement at 4, 9, and 11 years in a group of African-American children (TV = 278) with reference to PbB levels at 4 years. The mean PbB was 7 pg/dl. A nonsignificant difference in slope with higher PbB 7 pg/dl was observed versus higher levels. Lower reading scores were observed at 9 and 11 years and lower math scores were evident at 11 years. 

Current evidence identifies a number of effect modifiers in children social stress and environmental enrichment gender differences race as a factor may operate through higher exposures in U.S. African-American children. Similarly, socioeconomic status affects both race/ethnicity outcomes and relative Pb exposures studies adjusting for exposure differences report effect modification bySES... 

One out of every 500 African American children is bom with sickle cell disease, in which some of the red blood cells are abnormally shaped. The cause of sickle cell disease is a defect in hemoglobin, the molecule responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the organs and other tissues of the body. 

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS A study of children receiving intraoperative intravenous morphine found that African-American children experienced more postoperative pain and required higher doses of morphine than Caucasian children [57 ]. 

Ostro BD, Lipsett MJ, Mann JK, Braxton-Owens H, White MC. Air pollution and asthma exacerbations among African-American children in Los Angeles. Inhal Toxicol 1995 7 711 722. 

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