Chemokines recruitment

In the late phase response, activated airway cells release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting inflammatory cells into the lungs. The late phase response occurs 4 to 6 hours after the initial allergen challenge and results in a less intense bronchoconstriction as well as increased airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation.6... 

III. Chemokines Recruit T-Cells to Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue... 

III. CHEMOKINES RECRUIT T-CELLS TO GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE... 

Frequently, the EAR is followed by a late phase response 4-6 h later and it is caused by the pulmonary sequestration of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and T-lymphocytes. This leukocyte recruitment depends on mast cell-derived mediators such as TNFa and various chemokines, as well as on the expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes (e.g. VLA-4, CD11/18) and vascular endothelial cells (e.g. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin). Products of these leukocytes have several functions First, they cause the second phase of bron-choconstriction, mucus secretion, and airway swelling second, they cause tissue destruction third, they launch and entertain the chronic inflammation. 

A cascade of proteins of the immune response that can be triggered by antigen-antibody complexes and by the innate immune system (e.g. exposure to microbial polysaccharides) to raise the immune response. Complement proteins can detect and bind to foreign material or immune complexes and label them for phagocytosis. They can also cause inflammation by directly degranulating mast cells and releasing chemokines to recruit other immune cells into the affected area. 

The vascular endothelium plays an important role in regulation of vascular tone and permeability. Dilatation of arterioles to increase blood flow and constriction of endothelial cells of postcapillary venules causing exsudation of plasma constituents illustrates the complex nature of this cell type. Moreover, by expression of adhesion molecules and secretion of chemokines endothelial cells play an important role in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflamed area. Endothelial cells express two basic types of adhesion molecules on their surface ... 

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

Besides the clear role for chemokines in modulating recruitment of cells into the CNS in HIV infection, and the potential role for chemokines to directly modulate neuronal signaling, recent evidence has suggested a link between CNS chemokine expression and enhancement of excitotoxic injury through enhancement of glutamate... 

Kmmbholz M, Theil D, Cepok S, Hemmer B, Kivisakk P, Ransohoff RM, Hofbauer M, Farina C, Derfuss T, Hartle C, Newcombe J, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E (2006) Chemokines in multiple sclerosis CXCL12 and CXCL13 up-regulation is differentially linked to CNS immune cell recruitment. Brain 129 200-211... 

Ceradini DJ, Gurtner GC (2005) Homing to hypoxia HIF-1 as a mediator of progenitor cell recruitment to injured tissue. Trends Cardiovasc Med 15 57-63 Chalasani SH, Sabelko KA, Sunshine MJ, Littman DR, Raper JA (2003) A chemokine, SDF-1, reduces the effectiveness of multiple axonal repellents and is required for normal axon pathfinding. J Neurosci 23 1360-1371... 

Sano R, Tessitore A, Ingrassia A, d Azzo A (2005) Chemokine-induced recruitment of genetically modified bone marrow cells into the CNS of GMl-gangliosidosis mice corrects neuronal pathology. Blood 106 2259-2268... 

Holmes EE, Arnott N, Vanderplank P et al (2008) Intra-neural administration of fractalkine attenuates neuropathic pain-related behaviour. J Neurochem 106 640-649 Huang DR, Shi ED, Jung S et al (2006) The neuronal chemokine CX3CL 1/fractalkine selectively recruits NK cells that modify experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis within the central nervous system. EASEB J 20 896-905... 

---