Airway cells

Basal cells Stem cells for other airway cell types that do not interface with... 

Cilia Hair-like motile extensions of a cell wall. Airway cells use cilia to pro-... 

In the late phase response, activated airway cells release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting inflammatory cells into the lungs. The late phase response occurs 4 to 6 hours after the initial allergen challenge and results in a less intense bronchoconstriction as well as increased airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation.6... 

It was found that nitric oxide plays a very important role in cystic fibrosis. In contrast to most inflammatory airway diseases (for example, asthma), exhaled NO decreased in cystic fibrosis, and nitric oxide deficiency may contribute to the bronchial obstruction [278]. Bebok et al. [279] demonstrated that NO levels in the vicinity of airway cells during inflammation are... 

The solutes for which transport was evaluated in the IPL were also assayed for their transport in epithelial cell culture models. Permeability in the Caco-2 intestinal cell culture model [141] and the 16HBE14o- airway cell culture model [81] correlated with the rate of absorption in the IPL, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.96 and r2 = 0.78 respectively. 

Manford F, Tronde A, Jeppson A-B, Patel N, Johansson F, Forbes B (2005) Drug permeability in 16HBE14o- airway cell layers correlates with absorption from the isolated perfused rat lung. Eur J Pharm Sci 26 414—420. 

A variety of cell culture systems for the modelling of the tracheo-bronchial epithelium are available. These include primary cultures and cell lines of human and animal origins, plus airway cells with characteristics of lung disease such as CF. The advantages and limitations of using a simple culture system compared to one that recreates to a greater extent the epithelial structure and function in vitro should be considered according to the pre-clinical application required. However, this choice is complicated by the lack of comparative data, both between the different cell systems and for in vitro-in vivo correlation, upon which to base such decisions. 

Zabner J, Karp P, Seiler M, Phillips SL, Mitchell CJ, Saavedra M, Welsh M, Klin-gelhutz AJ (2003) Development of cystic fibrosis and noncystic fibrosis airway cell lines. Am J Physiol 284(5) L844—L854. 

Rotoli BM, Bussolati O, Sala R, Gazzola GC, Dali Asta V (2005) The transport of cationic amino acids in human airway cells Expression of system y + L activity and transepithelial delivery of NOS inhibitors. FASEB J 19(7) 810—812. 

It is postulated that chemotactic agents leach from respirable cotton dust particles in the small bronchioles. AECD recruit PMNs to the lung in the following sequence connective tissue beneath the basal lamina, between airway cells, and, finally, into the lumen. Chest tightness is also correlated with leucocyte recruitment (41). Although it has been proposed that extracellular lysosomal enzymes from PMNs cause the symptoms of byssinosis by initiating release of histamine and/or other chemical mediators (25), it has not been shown that cotton dust actually liberates hist j. jjfg m j y... 

Exposure to endotoxin aerosols also produces phagocyte recruitment vivo. Endotoxins are common cotton contaminants (44). In vitro, they are directly chemotactlc, but in vivo, they may also interact with airway cells to generate chemotactlc factors. 

Hamid QA, Wenzel SE, Hank PJ, et al. (1999) Increased glucocorticoid receptor beta in airway cells of glucocorticoid-insensitive asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 159(5 pt. 1), 1600-1604. 

The resulting failure ofG, to inhibit adenylate cyclase increases cyclic AMP in airway cells and leads to fluid imbalance and the severe, life-threatening congestion of whooping cough. 

The permeability barrier in the respiratory region of the nose includes the mucus layer and the airway cells. Mucus potentially affects drug delivery by acting as a barrier to diffusion. In vitro studies have indicated that the presence of mucus has the potential to retard the transport of many compounds, although mechanisms are complex and the impact of mucus is difficult to predict. 

There are two important defense mechanisms against inhaled particles. The first of these involves the mucociliary escalator and consists of the trapping of particles in mucus followed by the upward movement of the mucus brought about by the upward beating of cilia on the airway epithelial airway cells. The material is then either swallowed or expectorated. The second mechanism is macrophage mediated. Macrophages engulf particles and either deposit them on the mucociliary escalator or enter the lymphatic system. 

Merigo F, Benati D, Tizzano M, Osculati F, Sbarbati A. alpha-Gustducin immunoreactivity in the airways. Cell Tissue Res. 2005 319 211-219. 

Potential sources of NO in the lungs include activated alveolar macrophages, neutrophils alveolar type II cells endothelial cells and airway cells. nNOS is localized to nonadrenergic/noncholinergic nerve terminals and is present in human airway epithelial cells. eNOS is localized to human pulmonary epithelium and bronchial epithelium. Studies have suggested that iNOS is constitutively expressed in human upper airway epithelium... 

IL-8 (previously known as neutrophil activation protein-1) is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant cytokine, which may be released by a variety of airway cells (Kunkel etal., 1991), including T cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, eosinophils and epithelial cells... 

GM-CSF is a pleotropic cytokine that can stimulate the proliferation, maturation and function of haematopoietic cells. It is produced by several airway cells, including macrophages, eosinophils, T lymphocytes and epithelial cells. There is evidence for increased expression of GM-CSF in the epithelial cells of asthmatic patients (Sousa et al.,... 

Mozafari MR, Reed CJ, Rostron C (2003) 5-fluorouracil encapsulation in colloidal lipid particles entrapment, release and cytotoxicity evaluation in an airway cell line. Drug Delivery to the Lungs XTV, London, England, pp.180-183... 

Baatz JE, Zou Y, Korfhagen TR. Inhibitory effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery to airway cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001, 1535, 100-109. 

Haws C, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH, Wine JJ (1994) CFTR in Calu-3 human airway cells channel properties and role in cAMP-activated Cl- conductance. Am J Physiol 266(5 Pt 1) L502-L512... 

Haws C, Krouse ME, Xia Y et al (1992) CFTR channels in immortalized human airway cells. Am J Physiol 263(6 Pt 1) L692-L707... 

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