Chemical with alkanolamines

Alkanolamines, generally referred to as amines, are organic compounds of the form Hn-N-(R0H)3-n (3) the hydroxyl group generally provides for the compounds solubility in water, while the HN group provides the alkalinity in water solutions to cause the absorption of acid gases. Amine processes used commercially are shown in Table I. These compounds are chemical solvents they combine chemically with H2S, C02, and other sulfur compounds. They are customarily regenerated by the application of heat. 

Polymerization of castor od, chemical or oxidative, results in higher viscosity or bodied ods that are more usehd in urethane coatings than the untreated castor od (87). Other castor derivatives used to prepare urethanes are amides prepared by reaction of castor od and alkanolamines, amides of ricinoleic acid with long-chain di- and triamines, and butanediol diricinoleate (88,89). 

In heavy oil reservoirs with highly porous sands, cyclic steamflooding may cause the formation of stable emulsions. These emulsions can block the production paths in the wellbore. In steam cycle treatments, a blend of oxy-alkylated alkanolamines and sulfonates showed a dramatic improvement over non-chemically enhanced steam cycles [331]. 

Nitrite substitutes can be divided into seven chemical categories (1) amine benzoates (2) fatty acid amines (3) phosphate or carbonate silicates (4) organophosphates (5) amine borates (6) alkanolamines and (7) quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats"). Thus, the technology already exists for replacing nitrite with no loss in rust protection. However, most replacements for nitrite are more expensive, less effective, less likely to be compatible with other additives, and work by a different mechanism (12). It is therefore not surprising that fluids containing nitrite are still relatively com mon. 

One of the best examples of the utility of enzymatic synthesis in catalyzing reactions that cannot be accomplished by any other route is the synthesis of substituted oxazolidine diesters. The oxazolidine ring is extremely water sensitive, the oxazolidine rapidly reverting back to the alkanolamine and aldehyde in the presence of water. Bis-oxazolidines have been used as hardeners for polymer coatings but the diester based on the hydroxyethyl oxazolidine and adipic acid cannot be synthesized directly with chemical catalysis because of the rapid rate of reaction of the oxazolidine ring with either the water from the esterification or the alcohol from transesterification. ... 

The H2S formed in the hydro-desulphurisation process can be removed from the product stream in a variety of ways. Commonly used methods are chemical reaction with, for example, zinc oxide or iron oxide, caustic scrubbing and absorption processes. For the H2S decomposition processes treated in this chapter, only the absorption/desorption methods are of importance. Most used are absorber/stripper combination units with an alkanolamine as absorbing compound [2],... 

The Shell Sulfinol Process is used for removal of acidic constituents such as H2S, CO2, COS, etc. from a gas stream. Improved performance over other processes is due to the use of an organic solvent, Sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene dioxide), mixed with an aqueous alkanolamine. Relative proportions of Sulfolane, alkanolamine, and water, as well as the operating conditions, are tailored for each specific application. Simultaneous physical and chemical absorption under feed gas conditions is provided by this Sulfinol solvent. Regeneration is accomplished by release of the acidic constituents at near atmospheric pressure and a somewhat elevated temperature. The flow scheme (Figure 4) is very similar to that of an aqueous alkanolamine system since it involves only absorption, regeneration and heat exchange under typical alkanolamine treater conditions. 

Normally, cotton is not dyeable after it has been cross-linked with A-methylolamide agents, such as DMDHEU. This is because the fibers are cross-linked in a collapsed state at elevated temperatures and they cannot swell adequately in aqueous solution to accommodate the relatively large dye molecules. However, cross-linked cotton is dyeable with anionic dyes under acidic pH conditions if reactive alkanolamines or hydroxyalkyl quaternary ammonium salts are incorporated in the finishing formulation. In addition, cotton cross linked with polycarboxylic acid, such as BTCA, or citric acid, is dyeable in similar fashion by using the same methods. Thus, these cross-linked cottons have affinity for acid, direct, and reactive anionic dyes at the pH range of 2.5-6.5, depending on the exact chemical composition of the substrate [561-564]. 

Combinations of physical and chemical absorption are also used, as in Shell s Sulfinol process in which a mixture of diisopropanolamine and sulfolane in water is utilized. For the hydrogen sulfide-free gases from the steam-reforming process, chemical scrubbing with activated potassium carbonate solutions or alkanolamines is preferred. In the case of hydrogen sulfide-containing gases from the partial oxidation process, physical absorption alone or in combination with chemical absorption is preferred. 

An interesting aminolysis process based on the reaction of ground polyether-based rigid PU foam wastes with an alkanolamine, in the presence of an alkaly hydroxyde as catalyst was developed [36, 40, 41], The ratio between PU waste and alkanolamine could be around 15 1 to 50 1 (one cubic meter of foam can be chemically destroyed by one litre of alkanolamine) [34, 41]. 

ACETILUM ACIDILATUM (50-78-2) C9Hg04 Combustible solid. An organic acid. Powder or dust forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 482°F/250°C). Reacts with strong oxidizers, strong acids, strong bases. Contact with alkali hydroxides or carbonates may cause decomposition. Incompatible with acetanilide, acetaminophen, some alcohols, aliphatic amines alkanolamines, alkylene oxides amidopyrine, amines, ammonia, caustics, epichlorohydrin, hexamine, iron salts isocyanates, phenozone, phenobarbital sodium potassium iodide quinine salts sodium iodide stearates. Slowly hydrolyzes in moist air. On small fires, use AFFF, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, or CO2 extinguishers. 

ACRYLIC ACID, 2-ETHYLHEXYL-ESTER (103-11-7) CnHjoOj Combustible liquid. Forms explosive mixture with air [explosion limits in air (vol %) 0.8 to 6.4 flashpoint 180°F/82°C oc autoignition temp 496°F/258°C Fire Rating 2]. Unless inhibited, contact with heat, sunlight, contaminants, or peroxides may cause hazardous polymerization. Reacts violently ivith strong oxidizers, with risk of fire and explosions. Incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, nitrates. The uninhibited monomer vapor may block vents and confined spaces by, forming a solid polymer material. On small fires, use AFFF, foam, dry chemical, or COj extinguishers. 

AMINOBENZENESULFONIC ACID or p-AMINOBENZENESULFONIC ACID (121-57-3) CsH NOjS HjO Decomposes on contact with strong acids, forming sulfur trioxide. The aqueous solution is acidic reaction with strong bases. Incompatible with alkylene oxides, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, amides, ammonia, epichlorohydrin, organic anhydrides, isocyanates, oxidizers, vinyl acetate. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), Halon , water spray, or CO2 extinguishers. 

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