Chemical Weapons Convention implementation

For analyses of the CWC, see the issue of Disarrruiment A Periodic Review by the United Nations 16 1 (1993) devoted to the Convention Brad Roberts, ed.. The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Issues (Washington, DC CSIS, 1992). 

This possibility has been pointed out to some extent by Michael Bothe in National Implementation of the CWC Some Legal Considerations , in M. Bothe, N. Ronzitti and A. Rosas, eds. The New Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation and Prospects (The Hague Kluwer, 1998), pp. 545-546. 

Khripunov and Parshall, US Assistance to Russian Chemical Weapons Destruction Alexander A. Pikayev, Russian Implementation of the CWC , in Jonathan B. Tucker, ed.. The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Challenges and Solutions (Washington, DC Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 2001), pp. 31-38. 

The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation, challenges and opportunities... 

The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation, challenges and opportunities / edited by Ramesh Thakur and Ere Ham. p cm. 

Van Heck H, Marauhn T (1998) Routine verification under the Chemical Weapons Convention. In Bothe M, Ronzitti N, Rosas A (eds) The new Chemical Weapons Convention—implementation and prospects. Kluwer, The Hague, p 219... 

Krutzsch W, Myjer E, Trapp R (2014) Issues raised by the accession of Syria to the Chemical Weapons Convention. In Krutzsch W, Myjer E, Trapp R (eds) The Chemical Weapons Convention—a commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 689 Krutzsch W, Trapp R (2014) Article II definitions and criteria In Krutzsch W, Myjer E, Trapp R (eds) The Chemical Weapons Convention—a commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 73 Kurzidem T (1998) Challenge inspections and investigations of alleged use. In Bothe M, Ronzitti N, Rosas A (eds) The new Chemical Weapons Convention— implementation and prospects. Kluwer, The Hague, p 249... 

Thakur, Ramesh, and Ere Haru, eds. The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Challenges and Opportunities. Paris United Nations University Press, 2006. 

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) opened for signature in Paris, on January 13, 1993 and entered into force on April 29, 1997. Its complexity is reflected in almost 200 pages of text, containing Preamble and 24 Articles and three Annexes On Chemicals (6 p), On Implementation Verification (105 p), and On Protection of Confidential Information (5 p) [2], To the main pillars of the CWC belong ... 

Weapons Convention is facilitated by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the assistance received through the contributions of member states and the utilisation of experts within and external to the OPCW. It also involves the coordination and delivery of specialised services from national agencies and other international organisations involved in providing emergency humanitarian assistance. The OPCW will continue its work on the cooperative efforts with many member states to maintain the effort to development, implement and train for an effective delivery of assistance in accordance with the provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention. 

The Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and of their destruction (the Chemical Weapons Convention, CWC) was signed on January 13, 1993, and entered into force on April 29, 1997. The CWC includes 24 Articles, the Annex on Chemicals, the Annex on Implementation and Verification (so-called Verification Annex), and the Confidentiality Annex. The Verification Annex, which by the length occupies the majority of the CWC, is written in 11 parts. Article I lists the general obligations of the CWC as shown in Figure 1. 

Seventeen States Parties (SP) have volunteered to provide services of their high-level chemical analytical laboratories to the Organization for prohibition of the Chemical Weapons (OPCW). From these SPs, 18 laboratories (2004) have been designated by the Director-General (DG) of the OPCW to perform analyses as part of the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) (1). For the purpose of effective implementation, for example, analysis of samples taken during inspections or... 

Over the past decade, liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has evolved from being primarily a research tool, available in a limited number of analytical laboratories, to a robust and widely available analytical and investigative technique (1 3). It is now in widespread use in pharmaceutical, food, environmental, and forensic laboratories and is an indispensable tool in biomedical research. At the time of our previous review of this subject (4), few laboratories were using LC/MS in the analysis of chemicals relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). This was due to a number of factors, two of which were the cost of instrumentation and a perception that the technique was difficult to implement in an analytical laboratory. In the intervening years, the costs of basic LC/MS have been reduced, and the instrumentation has become robust and easier to operate. LC/MS is now a mature technique that should be considered by all laboratories that are required to analyze chemicals related to the CWC. 

The States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) have established the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in order to achieve the object and purpose of the Convention. It aims to ensure the implementation of the CWC s provisions, including those for international verification of compliance with it, and to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among States Parties. The aim of this book is to give a comprehensive view of how to internationally verify compliance with the CWC, in principle, using analytical chemistry and related strategies and methods. 

Robert J. Mathews and Antony S. Taubman, Preparing for Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention Progress during 1993 , in Verification 1994 (London Verification Technology Centre, 1994), pp. 111-128. 

For Japan s Chemical Weapons Act, see Masahiko Asada, National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention in Japan , Japanese Annual of International Law, No. 39 (1996), pp. 19-54. 

Implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention A comparative case study of the legislation of Australia and France... 

The national implementation of international chemical disarmament and non-proliferation obligations has been a key focus of the States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). During the 2003 Review Conference for the CWC, a number of States Parties presented papers emphasizing the need for comprehensive national laws to control prohibited activities. The need for national implementation was also a central tenet of the Political Declaration of the CWC Review Conference, and was further elaborated in its Report. ... 

See, e.g., Republic of Bulgaria, National Measures for Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, RC-l/NAT.ll, 28 April 2003 The People s Republic of China, Report on the Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention in China, RC-1/ NAT.2, 15 April 2003 The Republic of Cuba, Methods Adopted by the Republic of Cuba to Ensure Compliance with the Provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention, RC-1/NAT.4, 5 May 2003 The Kingdom of Sweden, National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, RC-1/NAT.27, 8 May 2003 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, National Implementation of the Cherrtical Weapons Convention, RC-1/NAT.3, 15 April 2003 United States Delegation, CWC Review Conference National Implementation Measures, 3 March 2003 (on file with the author). 

Kalyadin, Issues of Russian Compliance with the Chemical Weapons Convention Pikayev, Russian Implementation of the CWC Jonathan B. Tucker, Russia s New Plan for Chemical Weapons Destruction , Arms Control Today 31 6 (2001), p. 45. 

Is the CWC a success With 170 States Parties by mid 2005, membership of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which entered into force in 1997, has seen remarkable growth in a relatively short span of time. This is not a treaty that states join lightly, without careful consideration of the costs and benefits of doing so. It includes a detailed and intrusive declaration and inspection regime. It is also a treaty with economic incentives, with obligations and, potentially (if implemented meaningfully), with teeth. 

More recently, microemulsions have been developed for the oxidative/hydrolytic destruction of sulfanes sulfoxides) and phosphoric acid derivatives using sodium hypochlorite and cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The compounds studied serve as model compounds for chemical warfare agents such as mustard gas [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfane] and sarin (GB i-propyl-methylphosphonofluoridate). Big stocks of these must now be destroyed after implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which came into force in April 1997 [865],... 

Parshall, G.W. Trends in processing and manufacturing that will affect implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Pure Appl Chem, 2002 74 2259-2263. 

Matousek, J., Impact of New Agents on the Chemical Defenses and on the Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, in Proc. of the CB Medical Treatment Symp. an Exploration of Present Capabilities and Future Requirements for Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment, Davey, B. and Saunders-Price, B., Battelle Memorial Institute, Edgewood, 1994, 5.7. 

This chapter examines the prohibitions in the relevant treaties - the Geneva Protocol of 1925, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention - and concludes that chemical weapons are totally prohibited. Consideration is given to the risk of use of chemical weapons posed in the 21st Century, both by states and by other organizations and individuals, such as terrorists, and to how these risks can be countered by the effective implementation of the treaties. 

As this book is focused on chemical warfare agents, it is necessary to consider the implementation of the prohibitions enshrined in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). 

As already noted, a central provision of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is the general purpose criterion which prohibits Toxic chemicals and their precursors, except where intended for purposes not prohibited under this Convention, as long as types and quantities are consistent with such purposes . The implementation of this general purpose criterion is placed by Article VI on each State Party which shall adopt the necessary measures to ensure that toxic chemicals and their precursors are only developed, produced, otherwise acquired, retained, transferred, or used within its territory or in any other place under its jurisdiction or control for purposes not prohibited under this Convention . 

Chemical weapons are totally prohibited under the provisions of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The General Purpose Criterion ensures that all toxic chemicals, past, present and future, are prohibited unless they are for purposes not prohibited under the Convention. The regime against chemical weapons will become more effective as the Chemical Weapons Convention approaches universality and international initiatives in regard to toxic chemicals become more widely applied throughout the world. National measures to ensure that toxic chemicals do not present a risk to health and safety can and should be harnessed to ensure effective implementation of the obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention to ensure that such chemicals are only used for purposes permitted under the Convention. 

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