Chemical warfare agents 2-methyl

Verweij A, Boter HL, Degenhardt C. 1979. Chemical warfare agents verification of compounds containing the phosphorus-methyl linkage in waste water. Science 204(4393) 616-618. 

MIPs were doped with Eu3+ for optical detection of methylated salicylates (MES), a chemical warfare agent simulant [55]. Eu3+ absorbs in the near UV region and doped MIP can, therefore, be excited with a commonly available laser diode at 375 nm. MIP doped with Eu3+ was prepared as a thin film on a quartz slide substrate. Both the MIP and NIP films were tested towards MES and a structurally similar compound, methylene-3,5-dimethylbenzoate (DMB), in hexane. For MES,... 

Methylphosphonic acid (MPA), a degradation product of gas chemical warfare agents, such as sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), soman or VX (0-ethy I -.S -2-di isopropyl am i noethvl methyl phosphonoth ioate), has been recognized selectively by an MIP chemosensor using potentiometric transduction (Table 6) [181]. The MIP preparation involved co-adsorption, in ethanol, of the methylphosphonic acid (MPA) template and octadecyltrichlorosilane, followed by silanization on the indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface in the chloroform-carbon tetrachloride solution at 0 °C. Subsequently, the electrode was rinsed with chloroform to remove the template. A potential shift due to the presence of MPA was significant as compared to that due to interferants like methyl parathion, dimethoate, phosdrin, malathion, etc. The linear concentration range varied from 50 pM to 0.62 M MPA at LOD as low as 50 pM and an appreciably short response time of 50 s. 

K. Schoene, J. Steinhanses, H.-J. Bruckert and A. Konig, Speciation of arsenic-containing chemical warfare agents by gas chromatographic analysis after derivatization with thioglycolic acid methyl ester, J. Chromatogr., 605, 257-262 (1992). 

Soman (= Methyl-phosphonofluoridic acid 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester)] (organophosphate) Synthetic AChE (forms phosphoryl ester with active site Serine) [chemical warfare agent]... 

In an alternative approach to the use of DMS as a filter for ESI before a high-end MS, a low-resolution QMS was fitted with a DMS for real-time chemical analysis in the field. The instrument had a mass resolution of 140 with two stages of differential pumping and an electrodynamic ion funnel to transport the ion beam from ambient pressure to the MS. This prototype DMS-MS detected approximately 1 ppb of dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) as a simulent for chemical warfare agents. 

Does not include suspect incidence of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). These sets were training aids containing vials of various chemical warfare agents. See USACMDA (1993 a,b) for more detailed explanation. Agent GD (soman), pinacolyl methyl phosphonofluoridate, is a lethal anticholinesterase and is known from only one stockpile site. 

Bocos-Bintintan, V., et al. (2002) Characterization of the chemical warfare agent simulant methyl salicylate by ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry (IMS/MS) at ambient temperature. Chemia, 47,149-160. 

Recently this technique was applied to the evolution of OPH for increased methyl parathion hydrolysis. After two rounds of DNA shuffling, a variant that could hydrolyze methyl parathion 25-foId faster than wild type was isolated. The mutations were not directly located in the active site and could not be otherwise predicted a priori (55), This technique could be used to target other slow degrading pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon and against chemical warfare agents VX and sarin. 

THICKENER. A substance mixed with a chemical warfare agent to increase its viscosity, thereby thickening the mixture. A thickened agent will normally form larger droplets than an unthickened one when sprayed or explosively disseminated. In general, the larger droplets will settle more quickly and more densely, resulting in a dissemination that is more rapid, more accurate, and more concentrated. Various substances have been used as thickeners. Examples of substances used to thicken sulfur mustard include the chlorinated rubber Allo-prene and a combination of the plastics methyl and ethyl methacrylate. See also ADJUVANT. 

OP compounds and carbamate are widely used as insecticides, pesticides, and warfare agents [20,21], Detection of pesticides is usually carried out by multiresidue methods (MRMs) of analysis, which are able to detect simultaneously more than one residue and have been developed mainly based on chromatographic techniques. Two groups of MRMs are used (i) multiclass MRMs that involve coverage of residues of various classes of pesticides, and (ii) selective MRMs, which concern multiple residues of chemically related pesticides (e.g., IV-methyl carbamate pesticides (NMCs), carboxylic acids, phenols, etc.). As foods are usually complex matrices all of the pre-analytical steps (matrix modification, extraction, and clean-up) are often necessary. 

Rodin, LA., Shpak, A.V., Shpigun, O.A., Ryhalchenko, I.V., Goncharov, V.M., Vasilevsky, S.V., Savelieva, E.I. (2006). Determination of methylphosphonic and alkyl methyl-phosphosnic acids - degradation products of chemical warfare nerve agents by HPLC-MS and GC-MS in plasma and urine. Abstracts of the International Congress on Analytical Sciences ICAS-2006, 477 pp., Moscow, Russia, June 25-30. 

Chemical warfare nerve agents pose a potential threat to the general public as well as the military, as evidenced by several incidents. Between 1980 and 1988, sarin (GB) was used by Iraq in the war with Iran, with the most notable incident occurring in 1988 when a Kurdish city in northern Iraq was bombarded with chemicals, possibly including GB, tabun (GA) and 0-ethyl 5-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX). In 1994 and 1995, the Aum Shinrikyo sect attacked subways in Matsumoto and Tokyo with GB, and also attacked individuals with VX in Osaka and Tokyo. One of these individual attacks resulted in the death of the intended victim. The victim had VX deposited on his neck and exhibited symptoms typical of organo-phosphate poisoning, but confirmation of the nerve agent used could only be achieved after his death with the testimony from one of the suspected attackers and detection of VX metabolites [ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and 2-(diisopropylamino-ethyl)methyl sulfide (DAEMS)] in a blood sample taken approximately 1 h after the attack. 

FIGURE 52.1. Metabolic detoxification of warfare nerve agents tabun, sarin, soman, and VX in mammals in vivo. Chemical names of metabolites are EDMPA - ethyl dimethylaminophosphoric acid, IMPA - isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, PMPA - pinacolyl methyl-phosphonic acid, EMPA - ethyl methylphosphonic acid, and MPA - methylphosphonic acid. 

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