Chemical statics and dynamics

Between 1864 and 1879, two Norwegians, C. Guldberg and P. Waage,115 studied heterogeneous systems containing solids in contact with solutions, demonstrating 

van t Hoff s classic text on chemical dynamics has been republished116 and his work on chemical dynamics,117 as well as that of Ostwald118 and Arrhenius,119 has been briefly discussed. There is a comprehensive narrative of the development of chemical kinetics from about the middle of the 19th century, which reconstructs Guldberg and Waage s work on chemical kinetics and compares their efforts to simultaneous work at Oxford by A. G. V. Harcourt (1834-1919) and W. Esson (1839-1916).120 

Oxford University s College Laboratories played a very important role in the revival of the sciences at Oxford and the work done there in chemistry, and especially chemical kinetics, comprised a rather significant part of their activities. There is a study that provides information about the number of students, the kinds of institutional changes at Oxford and lists the various courses taught there.121 There is also a history of science, including chemistry, at Oxford in the interwar years.122 

The role of the early work on chemical kinetics in the evolution of physical chemistry has been examined with reference to van t Hoff s, Ostwald s, and Harcourt s researches prior to the 1880s.123 There is also a discussion of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics during the 19th century,124 and an analysis of the relation of chemical kinetics and physical chemistry up to the early part of the 20th century.125 Studies have been made of the role of instruments and the specific laboratory locales for chemical kinetics in the interwar years,126 and the work of H. Eyring127 and J.-A. Muller128 in chemical kinetics has been analysed. 

The proposal, elaboration, and eventual demise in the late 1920s (after considerable controversy) of the Radiation Hypothesis , which was introduced in the first decade of the 20th century to account for chemical reactions that were indirectly caused by radiation, has been discussed.129 There is a book on the history of radical chemistry130 and also a book co-authored by one of the participants about the development of free radical chemistry during the half century from about the end of World War II.131 The Dutch School of Catalysis,132 R Sabatier s (1854-1941) role in the discovery of catalysis,133 and the establishment and development of the Ipatieff Laboratory at Northwestern University134 have also been presented. 

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The deduction adopted is due to M. Planck (Thermodynamik, 3 Aufl., Kap. 5), and depends fundamentally on the separation of the gas mixture, resulting from continuous evaporation of the solution, into its constituents by means of semipermeable membranes. Another method, depending on such a separation applied directly to the solution, i.e., an osmotic process, is due to van t Hoff, who arrived at the laws of equilibrium in dilute solution from the standpoint of osmotic pressure. The applications of the law of mass-action belong to treatises on chemical statics (cf. Mel lor, Chemical Statics and Dynamics) we shall here consider only one or two cases which serve to illustrate some fundamental aspects of the theory. 

Chemical Statics and Dynamics, Including the Theories of Chemical... 

Picrre-Eugene-Marcelin Berthelot, 1827—1907. French chemist and historian of chemistry. His researches were in the diverse fields of organic synthesis, chemical statics and dynamics, thermochemistry, explosives, nitrifying bacteria in the soil, and the oriental sources of alchemy. In his early days he assisted Balard at the CoEege de France and many years later he served on a committee with Dehray and Fremy to investigate Moissan s discovery of fluorine. See also refs. (115) and (116). 

Ostwald (Zeitsch. physikal Chem. 1900, 34,248) suggested the term coupled reaction Mellor (Chemical Statics and Dynamics (Longmans, 1904, p 333)) speaks of sympathetic reactions the usual term of induced reaction is adopted in this work. 

J. W. Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dynamics, Longmans Green, London, 1904, p. 104,... 

This is why, before developing the laws of Chemical Statics and Dynamics, we have insisted upon examining the foundations upon which these sciences are built. 

Integration, therefore, bridges the gap between theory and fact by reproducing the hypothesis in a form suitable for experimental verification, and, at the same time, furnishes a direct answer to the two questions raised at the beginning of this section. The idea was represented in my Chemical Statics and Dynamics (1904), thus — Hypothesis -> Differential Equation -> Integration -> Observation. 

Among reactions of the third order we have the polymerization of cyanic acid, the reduction of ferric by stannous chloride, the oxidation of sulphur dioxide, and the action of benzaldehyde upon sodium hydroxide. For full particulars J. W Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dynamics, might be consulted. 

Hence show that kf, not h satisfies the required condition. The decomposition of phosphine is, therefore, said to be a reaction of the first order. Of course this does not prove that a reaction is really unimolecular. It only proves that the velocity of the reaction is proportional to the pressure of the gas—quite another matter. See J. W. Mellor s Chemical Statics and Dynamics. 

The following velocity equations have been proposed for the catalytic action of an enzyme upon salicine (J. V. Mellor s Chemical Statics and Dynamics, London, 380, 1904) —... 

The fourth edition is materially the same as the third. I have, however, corrected the misprints which have been brought to my notice by a number of students of the book, and made a few verbal alterations and extensions of the text. I am glad to say that a German edition has been published and to observe that a large number of examples, etc., peculiar to this work and to my Chemical Statics and Dynamics have been absorbed into current literature. 

The supposed MngOv given by Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dynamics 1904, 97, does not appear in the papers and is incorrect. 

Mittasch and Theis, 126 Woker, i, 100 Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dynamics, 1904, 316, says the idea of the association of molecules as a preliminary to chemical action is due to Mercer. 

Phys. Chem., 1903, vii, 557 id.. Chemical Statics and Dynamics, 1904, 303, corrected in id.. Treatise, 1940, v, 812 Mrs. Fulhame says nothing about the combustion of carbon monoxide. 

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