The Dutch school

The Dutch School [446], [447] is based on the principle of stylization of FO contours. Stylization in the Dutch system involves taking a FO contour and attempting to fit a series of straight lines as closely as possible to the original contour. This stage is useful as it reduces the amount of data needed for further analysis a small number of straight lines are easier to deal with than a continually varying FO contour. From these stylizations, a series of basic patterns can be found -this process is called standardization. 

Because of the stylization process, the continuously varying nature of the FO contom is eliminated, and because of the standardization process, the contour description is further reduced into a small number of units (rises, falls etc). The idea of FO stylisation has proved popular with many models and techniques outside the Dutch school [481], [121]. 

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The proposal, elaboration, and eventual demise in the late 1920s (after considerable controversy) of the Radiation Hypothesis , which was introduced in the first decade of the 20th century to account for chemical reactions that were indirectly caused by radiation, has been discussed.129 There is a book on the history of radical chemistry130 and also a book co-authored by one of the participants about the development of free radical chemistry during the half century from about the end of World War II.131 The Dutch School of Catalysis,132 R Sabatier s (1854-1941) role in the discovery of catalysis,133 and the establishment and development of the Ipatieff Laboratory at Northwestern University134 have also been presented. 

J. J. F. Scholten, ed., A Short History of the Dutch School of Catalysis, Royal Netherlands Chemical Society, The Hague, 1994. 

Simultaneously with the work just described, the Dutch school of Alkemade and his co-workers were examining rates of recombination and ionization in acetylene and carbon monoxide flames, using optical and R.F. techniques. This work is of particular significance in that the carbon monoxide flames were dry, so that mechanisms which depend on H, OH or HgO do not operate. 

Describing tune type is perhaps the most difficult issue in prosody. Tune schemes can be broadly divided into those which classify tunes using dynamie features (rises and falls) and those which use static features (tones). Theories also vary in the size of the units they use. Global descriptions make use of a few basic patterns that cover the entire phrase, atomistic theories make use of smaller units that combine together to form larger patterns. Jones [242] is at the global end of the seale, the British school [333], [193] uses sub-phrase units (see Section 9.3.1, while the AM school [352], [351] and the Dutch school [446] use units whieh are smaller still (Seetions 9.3.2, 9.3.3. 

Many treat downdrift as an automatic physiological effect arising from changes in sub-glottal pressure during the course of an utterance [287], [107]. This account gives the speaker little conscious control over declination. The approach of the Dutch School [446], has been to use three... 

Guy B. Marin is senior full professor in Catalytic Reaction Engineering and is head of the Laboratory for Chemical Technology at Ghent University. He was educated in the tradition of the thermodynamic and kinetic school of the Low Countries as well as of the American school, with Michel Boudart as a postdoctoral adviser, and benefited from the Dutch school of catalysis. The investigation of chemical kinetics, aimed at the modeling and design of chemical processes and products all the way from molecule up to full scale, constitutes the core of his research. 

Inspectie van het Onderwijs, 1999a). The same was true for 67% of the students from the second highest ability track (havo) and for 53% of the students from the highest ability track (vwo). This means that 33% (vbo), 33% (havo) and 47% (vwo) of the students performed below the standard that had been set by teachers and subject matter experts for their ability level (for readers unfamiliar with the Dutch school system, a valuable source of information is http //www.minocw.nl). 

The most important personality in thermodynamic history was credibly Gibbs who discriminated that a system of r coexistent phases, each of which having the same independently variable components, n, is capable of ( + 2 - r) variations of phase, known until now as the famous phase rule , that factually unveiled that the whole is simpler than its parts. It followed that for temperature, pressure and chemical equivalents ( potentials later specified as chemical potentials by Ostwald) the actual components bear the same values in the different phases and the variation of these quantities are subject to as many conditions as there are different phases (introduction of partial derivatives). This important work on the theory of phase equilibria was published in the period 1873 to 1878 in an almost unknown journal Transaction of Connecticut Academy and its insufficient publicity was fortunately compensated by the proper recognition of renowned scientists [135,146-151], such as Maxwell, Duhem, Ostwald or Le Chatelier, also mentioning the Dutch school of thermodynamics, that must be particularly credited with the broader application attempts aimed at the problems of general chemistry and technology. 

The applications of physics to chemical engineering particularly from the Dutch school. Kramers and van Krevelen are seen as key contributors. 

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