Chemical processing laboratory testing

Bisio A. Introduction to scale-up. In Bisio A, Kabel RL, eds. Scale-up of Chemical Processes Laboratory Scale Tests to Successful Commercial Size Design. New York Wiley, 1985 15-16. 

An alternative to this process is low (<10 N/m (10 dynes /cm)) tension polymer flooding where lower concentrations of surfactant are used compared to micellar polymer flooding. Chemical adsorption is reduced compared to micellar polymer flooding. Increases in oil production compared to waterflooding have been observed in laboratory tests. The physical chemistry of this process has been reviewed (247). Among the surfactants used in this process are alcohol propoxyethoxy sulfonates, the stmcture of which can be adjusted to the salinity of the injection water (248). 

Precipitation and flocculation can be integrated into more complex treatment systems. The performance and reliability of these processes depends greatly on the variability of the composition of the waste being treated. Chemical addition must be determined using laboratory tests and must be adjusted with compositional changes of the waste being treated or poor performance will result. 

Hazard identification is defined as tlie process of determining whetlier human exposure to an agent could cause an increase in the incidence of a health condition (cancer, birtli defect, etc.) or whetlier exposure to nonliumans, such as fish, birds, and otlier fonns of wildlife, could cause adverse effects. Hazard identification cliaracterizes tlie liazard in terms of tlie agent and dose of the agent. Since tliere are few hazardous chemicals or hazardous agents for wliich definitive exposure data in humans exists, tlie identification of health hazards is often characterized by the effects of health hazards on laboratory test animals or other test systems. ... 

We believe that most if not all diseases are manifestations of abnormalities of molecules, chemical reactions, or biochemical processes. The major factors responsible for causing diseases in animals and humans are hsted in Table 1-2. All of them affect one or more critical chemical reactions or molecules in the body. Numerous examples of the biochemical bases of diseases will be encountered in this text the majority of them are due to causes 5, 7, and 8. In most of these conditions, biochemical smdies contribute to both the diagnosis and treatment. Some major uses of biochemical investigations and of laboratory tests in relation to diseases are summarized in Table 1-3. 

Micellar flooding is a promising tertiary oil-recovery method, perhaps the only method that has been shown to be successful in the field for depleted light oil reservoirs. As a tertiary recovery method, the micellar flooding process has desirable features of several chemical methods (e.g., miscible-type displacement) and is less susceptible to some of the drawbacks of chemical methods, such as adsorption. It has been shown that a suitable preflush can considerably curtail the surfactant loss to the rock matrix. In addition, the use of multiple micellar solutions, selected on the basis of phase behavior, can increase oil recovery with respect to the amount of surfactant, in comparison with a single solution. Laboratory tests showed that oil recovery-to-slug volume ratios as high as 15 can be achieved [439]. 

Matsen, J. M., Fluidized Beds, Scaleup of Chemical Processes Conversion from Laboratory Scale Tests to Successful Commercial Size Design, (A. Bisio, and R. L. Kabel, eds.) p. 347, John Wiley Sons, New York (1985)... 

Further tests are carried out to evaluate the potency and specificity of the isolated lead compounds. This is usually followed by modifications of the compounds to improve properties through synthesis of variations to the compounds via chemical processes in the laboratory and frequently with modifications to the functional groups. The optimized lead compounds go through many iterative processes to keep improving and optimizing the drug interaction properties to achieve improved potency and efficacy. 

The growing nse of more complex PAT (versus the historically used simple univariate sensors such as pressure, temperature, pH, etc.) within manufacturing industries is driven by the increased capabilities of these systems to provide scientihc and engineering controls. Increasingly complex chemical and physical analyses can be performed in, on, or immediately at, the process stream. Drivers to implement process analytics include the opportunity for live feedback and process control, cycle time reduction, laboratory test replacement as well as safety mitigation. All of these drivers can potentially have a very inunediate impact on the economic bottom line, since product quality and yield may be increased and labor cost reduced. 

The observations described above are based on small-scale laboratory testing. Application to industrial operations such as mineral processing introduces further questions. While chemical requirements can probably be evaluated directly from the laboratory tests, the physical aspects, particularly mixing and... 

Block LH. Scale-up of disperse systems theoretical and practical aspects. In Lieberman HA, Rieger MM, Banker GS, eds. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Disperse Systems. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. New York Marcel Dekker, 1998 363. Astarita G. Scale-up overview, closing remarks, and cautions. In Bisio A, Kabel RL, eds. Scale-up of Chemical Processes Conversion from Laboratory Scale Tests to Successful Commercial Size Design. New York Wiley, 1985 678. Gekas V. Transport Phenomena of Foods and Biological Materials. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1992 5-62. 

The measurement of pH is one of the most common tests performed in a chemical laboratory since many chemical processes and properties are pH dependent. Examples of these processes are the kinetics of chemical reactions, the spectrum of certain dyes, as well as the solubility and/or bioavailability of many chemicals. 

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