Chemical processing costs

Uranium feed cost Chemical processing cost (variable cost at end of 3.71 3.64 3.70... 

An economic amxlysis of the effects of changing the blanket power fraction was performed to determine the optimum core-blanket power split under e( uilil)rium operating conditions. The parameters affecting this choice are (1) fission-product poison levels in the blanket, (2) fission-product poison levels in the core, and (3) chemical processing costs. 

Fission-product poisons in the core. The level of fission products, FP, other than xenon and samarium, in the core is determined by the chemical processing cycle for the core fuel solution. The steady-state value of FP poisons in the core should be established by an economic balance between the value of improved breeding ratio and increased chemical processing costs. The relationship between the core processing cycle, Tc, and the rela-ti e poison, IIP, in the core may be expressed as... 

Chemical -processing costs. The chemical processing cycle time for the blanket is determined by the Pb/Pi ratio and the breeding ratio, as discussed ill previous paragraphs. The processing rate for the core system is cleterniined by the method also described previously see Fig. 24-10. The total throughput to the fluoride volatility chemical separations plant is simply ... 

Economic optimization. The selection of parameters for a reference design must be based upon economics. An economic optimization was accomplished by computing relative energy costs based on those variable costs which depend upon the parameters selected. The costs which are dependent upon the nuclear parameters are (1) bismuth inventory, (2) fuel inventory, (3) fuel burnup, (4) thorium inventory, (5) thorium burnup, (6) reactor core and vessel, and (7) chemical processing costs. 

Chemical processing costs. The chemical processing is assumed to use soh cnt extraction aqueous chemistry in a central processing plant. The irradiated fuel is removed from the reactor on a batch processing cycle. Tlie processing costs are represented by... 

Case No. 1Fo2 Initial CR Cs/Fc 7)(bai e), ft ilfo2, kg M25, kg Chemical processing cost, Cp X 10 /yr Other cost, CtX 10 /yr Total costs, lO Vyr Total costs, mills/kwh... 

Costs of utilities are considered from their sources within the site to the limits of the chemical process served. 

Coal, considered a soHd hydrocarbon with a generic formula of CHq g, was explored by numerous workers (24—31) as a feedstock for the production of acetylene. Initially, the motivation for this work was to expand the market for the use of coal in the chemical process industry, and later when it was projected that the cost of ethylene would increase appreciably if pretroleum resources were depleted or constrained. 

These mixing systems offer high flexibility because they can be operated in batch, semibatch, or continuous modes. Adequate mixing is a prerequisite for the success of chemical processes in terms of rninirnizing investment and operating costs. In addition, chemical reactions with... 

Parts made from fluoroelastomers ate used ia appHcations that justify their high cost, usually where the maintenance and replacement costs are high enough to offset the initial cost of the part. These include automotive appHcations such as valve stem seals, fuel injector components, radiator, crankcase and transmission seals, and carburetor needle tips. Numerous seals and gaskets in the marine, oilfield, and chemical processing industries employ fluoroelastomers. In addition, many hoses in the automotive and chemical industry are made entirely of fluoroelastomer compounds or have a veneer of the fluoroelastomer as a barrier exposed to the harsh environment. Seals and gaskets in military appHcations and the binder for flares and missile appHcations ate made with fluoroelastomers. 

Cost and Quality. Many factors affect catalyst support cost including which raw materials are used, the purity of the raw materials, the chemical processing steps required, the fabrication method used, the severity of calcination conditions, and the extent of the quaHty assurance procedure. In... 

Economic Aspects. Several pubUcations probe the various areas of electroorganic process cost. CeUs (90), overaU process costs (41,91—93), economic optimization (94,95), and a comparison between the chemical and electrochemical methods (91,96) are aU discussed. 

Formulation of the Objective Function The formulation of objective functions is one of the crucial steps in the application of optimization to a practical problem. You must be able to translate the desired objective into mathematical terms. In the chemical process industries, the obective function often is expressed in units of currency (e.g., U.S. dollars) because the normal industrial goal is to minimize costs or maximize profits subject to a variety of constraints. 

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