Chemical manufacture processing costs

Thus five to ten catalytic cycles would be required to recover the cost of the catalyst if that was the only variable in the cost of an organic chemical manufacturing process). 

In chemical manufacturing processes, separations account for 43% of the energy consumed and up to 70% of the capital costs. For bulk filtration processes, the energy use is low because this physical separation is simple. The more the separation reaches the molecular level, the more sophisticated the separation technology needed and the higher the energy use. 

This chapter describes our initial investigations of cobalt complexes bound to colloidal polymers for the autoxidations (in which dioxygen is the stoichiometric oxidant) of tetralin, 2,6-di-r rr-butylphenol, and 1-decanethiol. The reactions of these water-insoluble organic compounds proceed faster in the colloids that they do with the same cobalt complexes as catalysts in aqueous solution. Autoxidations have been chosen because of their potential for low cost use for the decontamination of water and for chemical manufacturing processes. 

An industrial case study - how best to manufacture chlorine The operation of chemical manufacturing process Raw materials Costs and efficiency Plant location Health and safety Waste disposal... 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

Other metals are available which have very specific uses. Their cost is very high but their use is often justified in certain processes such as fine chemical manufacture. They are generally used as thin cladding or loose lining supported by steel or stainless steel. 

Many millions of tons of sulfuric acid, H2S04, are produced every year. Its uses are so wide that the amount consumed per year by a country can be taken as a crude index of the technological development of that country. Two manufacturing processes have widespread industrial importance and both will be described. These processes are so highly perfected that the cost of this useful chemical is only about S22.00 per ton ... 

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