Chemical mutagens detection

Chick embryos have been used for chemical mutagen detection, and the results so far have been presented by Bloomin Volume 5 of this series. 

Ames, B.N. (1971). The detection of chemical mutagens with enteric bacteria. In Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for Their Detection, (Hollaender, A., Ed.) Vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 267-282. 

Rinkus SJ, Legator MS. 1980. The need for both in vitro and in vivo systems in mutagenicity screening. In de Serres FJ, Hollaender A, eds. Chemical mutagens Principles and methods for their detection. New York, NY Plenum Press, 365-473. 

Skare JA, Schrotel KR. 1984. Alkaline elution of rat testicular DNA Detection of DNA strand breaks after in vivo treatment with chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 130 283-294. 

In the bacterial mutation test, the mutagenic potential of a pharmaceutical and its metabolites is evaluated by measuring and quantifying its ability to induce reverse mutations at selected loci of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. This test system has been shown to detect a diverse group of chemical mutagens.3,4 The technical details of this test have been reported in the literature.5-7... 

Epstein SS, Arnold E, Andrea J, et al. 1972. Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. Toxicol AppI Pharmacol 23 288-325. 

No studies were located regarding the metabolism of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in humans following dermal exposure. In a 24-hour urine sample of rats given a single dermal application of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (50 mg/kg/day), -diacetyl 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (but not/V-acetyl 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine or the unchanged chemical) was detected (Tanaka 1981). Since the mutagenicity of diacetylated product is much less than either the monoacetylated or parent compoimd (Lazear et al. 1979 Reid et al. 1984 ... 

Mortimer, R.K. and Manney, T.R. (1971) Mutation induction in yeast, in Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for their Detection, Vol. 1 (ed. A. Hollaender), Plenum Press, New York. 

The detection of chemical mutagens using the L5178Y/Asn-murine leukemia in vitro and in a host-mediated assay. Cancer Res. 34 3073-3082, 1974. 

Vogel, E. and Natarajan, A.T. The relation between reaction kinetics and mutagenic action of monofunctional alkylating agents in higher eukaryotic systems Interspecies comparisons. IN deSerres, F.J. and Hollaender, A., eds. Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for Their Detection, Volume 7. New York Plenum Press. 1982. p. 295-336. 

Epler, J. L., The Use of Short-Term Tests in the Isolation and Identification of Chemical Mutagens in Complex Mixtures, in Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for Their Detection (F. J. DeSerres and A. Hollander, Eds.), Vol. 6, pp. 239-270, Plenum, New York, 1980. 

Amacher, D.E. Paillet, S.C., and Turner, G.N. (1979b). Utility of the mouse lymphoma L5178Y/TK assay for the detection of chemical mutagens, in Banbury Report 2, Mammalian Cell Mutagenesis The Maturation of Tkst Systems, HsiE, A.W., O Neill, J.R, and McElheny, V.K, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York). 

Epstein, S.S., Arnold, E., Andrea, J., Bass, W. Bishop, Y. (1972) Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., 23, 288-325 Hazlewood, C. Davies, M.J. (1996) Benzoyl peroxide-induced damage to DNA and its compo-... 

Laumbach, A.D., Lee, S.. Wong, J. Streips. U.N. (1977) Studies on the mutagenicity of vinyl chloride metabolites and related chemicals. Prev. Detect. Cancer, 3, 155-170... 

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the electrode system for rapid detection of chemical mutagen. (I) Rea+ electrode (II) Rec electrode 1. Bacillus subtilis Rec 2. Bacillus subtilis Rec+ 3. Membrane filter 4. Teflon membrane 5. Pt cathode 6. Pb anode 7. Recorder...

A simpler, quicker, and less expensive cytogenetic test uses sister chromatid exchange (SCE). SCEs are detected in chromosomes that have been treated in such a way that the two sister chromatids of a chromosome differ chemically and thus stain differently. Most chemical mutagens induce SCEs at concentrations lower by a factor of about 100 than those needed to produce significant yields of ordinary chromosomal aberrations. The major exception to this is the small group of chemicals that, like x rays, produce double strand breaks in DNA and induce aberrations at all stages of the cell cycle. 

Drosophila breeding techniques for detecting physical and chemical mutagens have been used for over 50 yr. H. 

Although the subject is in its infancy, it is already clear that a substantial fraction, possibly a majority, of spontaneous mutations in Drosophila have such a cause. If that turns out to be true and generalizable to mammals (there is reason to believe that such elements are present in mice and humans), it will require a revision in our thinking about mutation and mutagens, and it would mean that the kinds of mutagenic mechanisms discussed in this report account for only a part of the spontaneous-mutation rate. On the one hand, we can conclude optimistically that classical mutagens are relatively less important. On the other hand, we cam assume pessimistically that chemicals not detectable with existing test systems increase the rate of transposon-induced mutations. 

In A. Hollaender, Ed. Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for Their Detection. Vol. 2. 

Ehrenberg, L. Higher plants, pp. 365-386. In A. Hollaender, Ed. Chemical Mutagens Principles and Methods for Their Detection. Vol. 2. New York ... 

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