Chemical change industries

With the beginning of the 21st century, the chemical industry changes driven by several trends (see for example Staudigl 2004) ... 

It is impossible to clearly separate the effects of TSCA from a multitude of other factors which contribute to changes in innovation or the economic condition of the chemical industry. Changes in the tax structure or the inflation rate, for example, have much more impact on innovation and industry R D than does TSCA. But the effects of TSCA cannot be isolated from these other factors. 

In many respects we have outgrown the traditional definition of the chemical industry. Changes in worldwide business conditions are having their impact on all of industry, and I shall look at what this means for companies with chemical products and for the people who work for them—especially scientists and engineers. 

As the inclined production theme progressed, rationalizations were required for industry, and the chemical industry changed in quality as gas sources changed. Those consuming hydraulic power, coal, and coke changed energy sources to heavy oil, natural gas, waste gas from the iron industry, and gasification of crude oil. 

Lee Chang Yung Chemical Industry Hsinchu City, Taiwan 10,000 3.8... 

The dominant role of petroleum in the chemical industry worldwide is reflected in the landscapes of, for example, the Ruhr Valley in Germany and the U.S. Texas/Louisiana Gulf Coast, where petrochemical plants coimected by extensive and complex pipeline systems dot the countryside. Any movement to a different feedstock would require replacement not only of the chemical plants themselves, but of the expensive infrastmcture which has been built over the last half of the twentieth century. Moreover, because petroleum is a Hquid which can easily be pumped, change to any of the soHd potential feedstocks (like coal and biomass) would require drastic changes in feedstock handling systems. 

Lee Chang Yung Chemical Industry Corp. Linyuan City, Taiwan 45... 

The capacity of PVA in 1995 was greater than 550,000 t. Several manufacturers have added capacity since 1987. Air Products Chemicals added 40,000 t of new capacity Chang-Chun, Nippon Gohsei, and Hoechst all debottlenecked their plants and a new small plant was built in Korea by Oriental Chemical Industries (10,000 t). 

The commercial exploitation of our increased understanding of protein stmcture will not, of course, be restricted to the pharmaceutical industry. The industrial use of enzymes in the chemical industry, the development of new and more specific pesticides and herbicides, the modification of enzymes in order to change the composition of plant oils and plant carbohydrates are all examples of other commercial developments that depend, in part, on understanding the structure of particular proteins at high resolution. 

The first commercially available acetal resin was marketed by Du Pont in 1959 under the trade name Delrin after the equivalent of ten million pounds had been spent in research or polymers of formaldehyde. The Du Pont monopoly was unusually short lived as Celcon, as acetal copolymer produced by the Celanese Corporation, became available in small quantities in 1960. This material became commercially available in 1962 and later in the same year Farbwerke Hoechst combined with Celanese to produce similar products in Germany (Hostaform). In 1963 Celanese also combined with the Dainippon Celluloid Company of Osaka, Japan and Imperial Chemical Industries to produce acetal copolymers in Japan and Britain respectively under the trade names Duracon and Alkon (later changed to Kematal). In the early 1970s Ultraform GmbH (a joint venture of BASF and Degussa) introduced a copolymer under the name Ultraform and the Japanese company Asahi Chemical a homopolymer under the name Tenal. 

One of the most commonly used measures of durability, i.e. the loss of sodium from the glass, is important to the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, but other changes such as loss of surface quality, are of equal importance for optical and window glasses. The properties of a wide range of technical glasses are well catalogued but the data are often inadequate when considering a particular application and where possible nonstandard whole article tests are advisable. 

These challenges are critical to the profession of chemical engineering, the chemical industry, and our country. Risk assessment and management involve input from a multitude of different disciplines. The methodology is rapidly changing and extremely complex and reqrrires both technical input and input from professionals with expertise in legal, economic, judicial, medical, regrrlatory, and public perception issues. 

Industrial chemistry is barely 100 years old, but tremendous developments were made during that time because of advances in basic chemical and engineering science. These advances resulted from research efforts conducted within chemical industry laboratories as well as in university laboratories. During the 1950s, the nature of the industry changed from emphasis on development of totally new products to refinement of existing types of products. In recent years, product refinements have been guided by concerns about human health and protection of the environment. 

These chemicals have all been produced since the beginning of the chemical industry by various and sometimes changing processes. When process changes were made, it was almost always for economic reasons, that is, to make products at lower cost. It seems unlikely that still lower cost processes will be developed, but there may be future process changes for some of these chemicals because of environmental concerns. 

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