Formula, chemical from name

To understand solution stoichiometry, you must first understand both fundamental stoichiometry concepts and solution concentrations. If you have difficulty solving solution stoichiometry problems, ask yourself if you thoroughly understand (a) writing chemical formulas from names, (b) calculating molar masses... 

Begin by finding the chemical formula from the name, nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. Chloride ion carries -1 charge, and the (II) indicates that nickel is a +2 cation. Electrical neutrality requires two chlorides for every nickel. The name also tells us that the salt contains six water molecules for each unit of nickel(II) chloride. Thus, each formula unit of the salt contains one cation, two Cl anions,... 

Learn to write the correct chemical formulas from the names on the AP exam names are frequently given instead of formulas in the reaction section. 

A list of compounds is given near the end of the book to aid the user in quickly locating the compound of interest from the chemical formula or name. 

One of the most important requirements of chemistry is communicating information to others. Chemists discuss compounds by using both chemical formulas and names. The chemical formula and the name for the compound must be understood universally. Therefore, a set of rules is used in the naming of compounds. This system of naming allows everyone to write a chemical formula when given a compound name and to name the compound from a given chemical formula. 

Fig. 14-1 Standard 3 x 5 in. JCPDS diffraction data card (card 628 from Set 5) for sodium chloride. Appearing on the card are 1 (file number), 2 (three strongest lines), 3 (lowest-angle line), 4 (chemical formula and name of substance), 5 (data on diffraction method used), 6 (crystallographic data), 7 (optical and other data), 8 (data on specimen), and 9 (diffraction pattern). Intensities are expressed as percentages of Ii, the intensity of the strongest line on the pattern. Most cards have a symbol in the upper right comer indicating the quality of the data (high quality), i (lines indexed, intensities fairly reliable), c (calculated pattern), and o (low reliability). (Courtesy of Joint Conunittee on Powder Diffraction Standards.)...

Before you can write a chemical formula from the name of a compound, you need to recognize what type of compound the name represents. For binary ionic compounds, the first part of the name is the name of a metallic cation. This may include a Roman numeral in parentheses. The anion name starts with the root of the name of a nonmetal and ends with -ide. 

Note in some of fhe following problems, you will need to write a chemical formula from the name of the compound. It may help to review Chapter 4. 

Because chemists around the world need to be able to communicate with one another, they have developed a set of rules for naming compounds. Using this standardized naming system, you can write a chemical formula from a compound s name and name a compound given its chemical formula. 

To find information about a particular substance, you must know its chemical formula and name. The names and formulas of compounds are essential vocabulary in chemistry. The naming of substances is called chemical nomenclature from the Latin words nomm (name) and calare (to call). 

Many ionic compounds contain either aluminum (a Group 3A metal) or a metal from Group lA or Group 2A and a nonmetal—oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen (Group 7A). Write the chemical formulas and names of all the binary compounds that can result from such combinations. 

Two-Dimensional Representation of Chemical Structures. The lUPAC standardization of organic nomenclature allows automatic translation of a chemical s name into its chemical stmcture, or, conversely, the naming of a compound based on its stmcture. The chemical formula for a compound can be translated into its stmcture once a set of semantic rules for representation are estabUshed (26). The semantic rules and their appHcation have been described (27,28). The inverse problem, generating correct names from chemical stmctures, has been addressed (28) and explored for the specific case of naming condensed benzenoid hydrocarbons (29,30). 

Panel 1.1 The 20 different amino acids that occur in proteins. Only side chains are shown, except for the first amino acid, alanine, where all atoms are shown. The bond from the side chain to Ca is red. A ball-and stick model, the chemical formula, the full name, and the three-letter and one-letter codes are given for each amino acid. 

Charles, Jacques, 57 Charles law, 58 Chemical bonding, see Bonding Chemical bonds, see Bond Chemical change, 38 Chemical energy, 119 Chemical equations, see Equations Chemical equilibrium, law of, 152 Chemical formulas, see Formula Chemical kinetics, 124 Chemical reactions, see Reactions Chemical stability, 30 Chemical symbols, 30 not from common names, 31 see inside back cover Chemotherapy, 434 Chlorate ion, 360 Chloric acid, 359 Chlorides chemistry of, 99 of alkali metals, 93,103 of third-row elements, 103 Chlorine... 

The written name of a compound includes the names of the elements it contains and information about the numbers of atoms of each element. The elements have to occur in some order, and this order is set by the same guidelines as for the chemical formula (see Section 3-11. Names can contain element names, roots derived from element names, and prefixes indicating the number of atoms of each element. Tables and 3 list the more important roots and prefixes that appear in the names of binaiy compounds. We can summarize the rules for naming binary compounds in three guidelines ... 

Ionic compounds are named using the same guidelines used for naming binary molecules, except that the cation name aiways precedes the anion name. Thus, NH4 NO3 is ammonium nitrate, Na2 CO3 is sodium carbonate, and Ca3 (P04)2 is caicium phosphate. The subscripts are not specified in these names because the fixed ionic charges determine the cation-anion ratios unambiguously. Example 3-6 reinforces these guidelines by showing how to construct chemicai formulas from chemical names. 

From the chemical formulas, we might expect similar names for these compounds, but notice that they fall into three classes with different rales for each class PCI3 and GeCl4 do not contain metals, MgCl2 contains a metal that forms a unique cation, while C0CI3, S11CI2, and S11CI4 contain metals with more than one stable cation. 

Frankland discovered the fundamental principle of valency—the combining power of atoms to form compounds. He gave the chemical bond its name and popularized the notation we use today for writing chemical formulas. He codiscovered helium, helped found synthetic organic and structural chemistry, and was the father of organometallic chemistry. He was also the first person to thoroughly analyze the gases from different types of coal and—dieters take note—the first to measure the calories in food. 

Before you can balance a chemical equation, you have to know the formulas for all the reactants and products. If the names are given for these substances, you have to know how to write formulas from the names (Chap. 6). If reactants only are given, you have to know how to predict the products from the reactants. This latter topic is the subject of this section. 

Widespread medicinal use of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) has prompted extensive studies of bismuth compounds involving the citrate anion. Bismuth citrate is essentially insoluble in water, but a dramatic increase in solubility with increasing pH has been exploited as a bio-ready source of soluble bismuth, a material referred to as CBS. Formulation of these solutions is complicated by the variability of the bismuth anion stoichiometry, the presence of potassium and/ or ammonium cations, the susceptibility of bismuth to oxygenation to Bi=0, and the incorporation of water in isolated solids. Consequently, a variety of formulas are classified in the literature as CBS. Solids isolated from various, often ill-defined combinations of bismuth citrate, citric acid, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide have been assigned formulas on the basis of elemental analysis data or by determination of water and ammonia content, but are of low significance in the absence of complementary data other than thermal analysis (163), infrared spectroscopy (163), or NMR spectroscopy (164). In this context, the Merck index lists the chemical formula of CBS as KgfNHJaBieOafOHMCeHsCbh in the 11th edition (165), but in the most recent edition provides a less precise name, tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (166). 

This overview covers some of the rules for naming simple inorganic compounds. There are additional rules, and some exceptions to these rules. The first part of this overview discusses the rules for deriving a name from a chemical formula. In many cases, the formula may be determined from the name by reversing this process. The second part examines situations in which additional information is needed to generate a formula from the name of a compound. The transition metals present some additional problems therefore, there is a section covering transition metal nomenclature and coordination compounds. 

This was not really a practical recommendation. As mentioned earlier, almost all the agents we tested had no medical name. Had we told the volunteer he had just ingested (l-methyl-4-piperidyl) alpha-cyclobutylmandelate, how much better informed would he be Furthermore, since many chemical sfructures were classified, writing down specific information about them might jeopardize security (e.g., an enemy could see the chemical name and become aware of the Army s interest in the compound). Finally, no benefit was likely to come from a former volunteer telling his doctor the name of a mysterious chemical formula he had once received. 

When you write a chemical formula that involves polyatomic ions, you treat them just like other ions. You still need to balance charges to form a neutral atom. We re sorry to report that when you re converting from a formula to a name, you can t use any simple rule for naming polyatomic ions. You just have to memorize the entire table of polyatomic ions and their charges. 

In 1807, the British scientist, Humphry Davy, succeeded in isolating the metals found in these salts. They proved to he wax-soft and silvery. He called them sodium (from soda ash) and potassium (from potash). These are still their English names. But in chemical formulas they are referred to as natrium (Na) and kalium (K) — from abbreviations of the Arabic names of the ashes nairun and al qili (alkali). 

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