Translator, automatic

Third, as a combination, rules can be specified using the rule editor, then translated automatically into source code, and then compiled and linked to the integrator tool. 

Prior to the fitting, the chemical reaction model on which the analysis will be based needs to be defined. As mentioned above ReactLab and other modem programs incorporate a model translator that allows the definition in a natural chemistry language and which subsequently translates automatically into internal coefficient information that allows the automatic construction of the mathematical expressions required by the numerical and spieciation algorithms. Note for each reaction an initial guess for the rate constant has to be supplied. The ReactLab model is for this reaction is shown in Figure 9. 

Nenkova, A., J. Chae, A. Louis, and E. Pitler. 2010. Structural features for predicting the linguistic quality of text Applications to machine translation, automatic summarization and human-authored text. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Generation, edited by E. Krahmer and M. Theune. Lecmre Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 5790. Berlin Springer-Verlag. pp. 222-241. 

It is difficult to give fuel prices for bio-fuels, because there is no market at present for some of them. The most popular bio-fuel is bio-ethanol which is used currently in many countries as an alternative to gasoline. Figure 5.113 shows the cost of bio-ethanol production in different coimtries. It should be noted that the cost of production does not translate automatically itself into fuel price. 

The JME can also serve as a query input tool for structure databases by allowing creation of complex substructure queries (Figure 2-130), which are automatically translated into SMARTS [22]. With the help of simple HTML-format elements the creation of 3D structure queries is also possible, as were used in the 3D pharmacophore searches in the NCI database system [129]. Creation of reac-... 

Two-Dimensional Representation of Chemical Structures. The lUPAC standardization of organic nomenclature allows automatic translation of a chemical s name into its chemical stmcture, or, conversely, the naming of a compound based on its stmcture. The chemical formula for a compound can be translated into its stmcture once a set of semantic rules for representation are estabUshed (26). The semantic rules and their appHcation have been described (27,28). The inverse problem, generating correct names from chemical stmctures, has been addressed (28) and explored for the specific case of naming condensed benzenoid hydrocarbons (29,30). 

There are vastly more complex examples of difficult vectorization decisions. A great deal of effort has been devoted to writing vector code, or code that compilers can safely translate into vector instmctions. As compilers become more sophisticated, their ability to recognize vectorization opportunities increases. The vendors of vector computers often claim that vectorization is automatic and that end users need not be concerned with it. This claim is usually tme only if the end user is similarly unconcerned with achieving maximum performance. More often than not, codes that have not been written for vector architecture machines must undergo substantial restmcturing in order to achieve significant performance enhancements on vector-architecture machines. 

In order to predict the energy of a system at some higher temperature, a thermal energy correction must be added to the total energy, which includes the effects of molecular translation, rotation and vibration at the specified temperature and pressure. Note that the thermal energy includes the zero-point energy automatically do not add both of them to an energy value. 

Another way of removing the six translational and rotational degrees of freedom is to use a set of internal coordinates. For a simple acyclic system these may be chosen as 3N — I distances, 3N — 2 angles and 3N -3 torsional angles, as illustrated in the construction of Z-matrices in Appendix E. In internal coordinates the six translational and rotational modes are automatically removed (since only 3N — 6 coordinates are defined), and the NR step can be formed straightforwardly. For cyclic systems a choice of 3A — 6 internal variables which span the whole optimization space may be somewhat more problematic, especially if symmetry is present. 

It is instructive to compare Eq. (22) vith the situation of a particle in a box, because this automatically yields a useful expression for the partition function of translation (Fig. 3.3). 

The QCRNA database is viewable and searchable with a web browser on the internet and it is also contained as a MySQL database that is easily incorporated with parameter optimization software to allow for the rapid development of specific reaction parameters. Molecular structures can be viewed with the JMOL [47, 48] or MOLDEN [49, 50] programs as viewers for chemical MIME types. If the web browser is JAVA-enabled, then the JMOL software will automatically load as a web applet. Both programs allow the structure to be manipulated, i.e., rotated, scaled, and translated, and allow for measurement of internal coordinates, e.g., bond lengths, angles, and dihedral angles. Similarly, animations of the vibrational frequencies are available and can be viewed with either program. 

TrEMBL (http //www.expasy.org/sprot), database of the European Bioinformatics Institute, translated EMBL. Generated by computer translation of genetic information from the EMBL database. Automatically annotated. 

It is sometimes useful to make simple transformations between output and input—for example, multiplying a value by a fixed constant or translating an object from one type to another. In the implementation, such things can be done either by an appropriate small component or by some flexibility in the architecture that permit inputs to accommodate straightforward translations on-the-fly. For example, in C++, it is easy to define a translation from one type to another (with a constructor or user-defined cast), which is automatically applied by the compiler where necessary. 

It may come as a surprise to some that two commensurate surfaces withstand finite shear forces even if they are separated by a fluid.31 But one has to keep in mind that breaking translational invariance automatically induces a potential of mean force T. From the symmetry breaking, commensurate walls can be pinned even by an ideal gas embedded between them.32 The reason is that T scales linearly with the area of contact. In the thermodynamic limit, the energy barrier for the slider to move by one lattice constant becomes infinitely high so that the motion cannot be thermally activated, and hence, static friction becomes finite. No such argument applies when the surfaces do not share a common period. 

Translations of standard formulas using different Excel language versions should be performed automatically by Excel. Nevertheless, revalidation has to carried out when switching the Excel language. At least the language-specific explanations and training instructions using the text fields have to be translated. 

Guided Missiles and Space Flight, Van]S osrrand NY(1959),69 20)Russian Publications on Automation and Automatic Control, translated into English, may be obtained from the Consultants Bureau, -Inc, 227 W 17th St, New York 11, NY... 

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