Chemical applications, commercial emulsion

Grace, R. Commercial Emulsion Breaking in Emulsions, Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Schramm, L.L. (Ed.), American Chemical Society Washington,... 

Two examples of commercial emulsion-breaking products supplied by one chemical company are provided in Table I. Product 1 in Table I was found to be applicable in some paraffinic crude oils of medium to high API gravity. Product 2 was found to be applicable in some heavy asphaltic crude oils with significant amounts of inorganic solids present. 

For most commercial emulsion-breaking applications, chemical compa-... 

Cahn, R. P., and Li, N. N., "Commercial Applications of Emulsion Liquid Membranes, presented at The Third Chemical Congress of North America, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 5-10, 1988. 

The use of substances that due to their ability to form structural-mechanical barrier are capable of very strong stabilization of emulsions (and especially of concentrated ones), allows one to prepare many commercial emulsions that are used e.g. in emulsion polymerization [55], lubricantcooling liquids, etc. Such surfactants, and especially natural ones, are widely used in food and pharmaceutical applications [56-58]. These surfactants are, for instance, formed as a result of chemical reaction between dextrins and their derivatives (generated by thermal decomposition and partial oxidation of starch) and oils. 

Although there has not been any published report of commercial exploitation of this technique so far, other reports along similar lines tend to suggest that there could still be potential applications for emulsion-phase crystallization procedures (Sun, 1971 Dow Chemical Co., 1978 Davies, Ming and Garside, 1990 Davey, Hilton and Garside, 1997 Espitalier et al, 1997). 

The residual toxicity of the pure gamma isomer was found to be equivalent to that of ordinary commercial benzene hexachloride. Commercial usage has shown that the residual action is effective for a longer time with dust or wettable powder spray applications than with emulsive solvent-type formulations. The over-all residual life of the chemical is on the order of 4 to 8 days as compared to 14 to 21 days for DDT. This is, of course, adequate residual life for good insect control in most cases and the shorter... 

Emulsion Pipeline Operations. Prediction of pipeline pressure gradients is required for operation of any pipeline system. Pressure gradients for a transport emulsion flowing in commercial-size pipelines may be estimated via standard techniques because chemically stabilized emulsions exhibit rheological behavior that is nearly Newtonian. The emulsion viscosity must be known to implement these methods. The best way to determine emulsion viscosity for an application is to prepare an emulsion batch conforming to planned specifications and directly measure the pipe viscosity in a pipe loop of at least 1-in. inside diameter. Care must be taken to use the same brine composition, surfactant concentration, droplet size distribution, brine-crude-oil ratio, and temperature as are expected in the field application. In practice, a pilot-plant run may not be feasible, or there may be some disparity between pipe-loop test conditions and anticipated commercial pipeline conditions. In these cases, adjustments may be applied to the best available viscosity data using adjustment factors described later to compensate for disparities in operating parameters between the measurement conditions and the pipeline conditions. 

Regardless of the test method used to select chemicals, the true capabilities of the treating chemicals must be determined by commercial application in the treating system of concern. All test work in chemical selection is merely a method of reducing the risk of failure an oil treater is subjected to when changing emulsion-breaking chemicals or testing a new facility. 

Emulsion polymerization is the process of choice for the commercial production of many polymers used for coating and adhesive applications, especially for those products that can be used in latex form. Emulsion polymerization uses free-radical polymerization mechanisms with unsaturated monomers. The heterogeneous nature of the reaction mixture, however, has a significant influence on the chemical and physical reaction mechanisms and on the nature of the final product. 

Quality control testing of silicones utilizes a combination of physical and chemical measurements to ensure satisfactory product performance and processibility. For example, in addition to the usual physical properties of cured elastomers, the plasticity of heat-cured mbber and the extrusion rate of TVR elastomers under standard conditions are important to the customer. Where the silicone application involves surface activity, a use test is frequently the only reliable indicator of performance. For example, the performance of an antifoaming agent can be tested by measuring the foam reduction when the silicone emulsion is added to an agitated standard detergent solution. The product data sheets and technical bulletins from commercial silicone producers can be consulted for more information. 

Multiple emulsions may be interesting ways for releasing bioactive compounds in a controlled rate, useful in cosmetic, pharmacy, agricultural, and industrial chemicals nevertheless, their commercial applications have been limited due to their thermodynamic instability and unexpected fast release of encapsulated bioactive molecules (Yoshida et al., 1999 Beer et al., 2013). 

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