Charge-coupled device camera systems

Recently, an automatic color video image analysis system was developed to quantify antigen expression (androgen receptor) (Kim et al.,T999a). This system provides a linear relationship between the antigen content and mean optical density of the immunoperoxidase-substrate reaction product. Titration of antibody, concentration, and reaction duration of the substrate can be optimized with this system. The imaging hardware consists of a Zeiss microscope, a three-chip charge-coupled-device camera, a camera control board, and a Pentium-based personal computer. 

Fig. 15.1. Schematic representation of amyloid fibrils revealed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, (a) The penetration depth of the evanescent field formed by the total internal reflection of laser light is 150nm for a laser light at 455 nm, so only amyloid fibrils lying parallel to the slide glass surface were observed. (b) Schematic diagram of a prism-type TIRFM system on an inverted microscope. ISIT image-intensifier-coupled silicone intensified target camera, CCD charge-coupled device camera...

Densitometric methods. In situ densitometry is an often-used technique for lipid quantitation and has been extensively reviewed by Prosek and Pukl (1996). Lipids are generally sprayed with reagent and their absorption or fluorescence can be measured under UV or visible light by means of a densitometer. The method needs to be standardized and suitable calibration curves need to be constructed to avoid errors. There are several models of densitometer available and some of them are highly automated and coupled to computer systems. Apart from these the use of CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras and colour printers have further improved the densitometric capabilities for accurate quantitations (Prosek and Pukl, 1996). A recent review by Ebel (1996) compares quantitative analysis in TLC with that in HPTLC, including factors that can effect quantitation, the need for careful calibration and errors in quantitative HPTLC analyses. Ebel is of the opinion that as both HPTLC and HPLC are based on the same absorption and fluorescence phenomena they should obtain similar results with respect to quantitation. 

Recent work performed by Dong et al. describes the visualization of DoD ink-jet droplets in order to address the FDP in more detail. The combination of a pulsed laser, a low-speed charge coupled device camera, and signal generators enables an imaging system based on flash photography that is able to... 

Using the same PAbs an optical biosensor system has been developed for 2,4,6-TCP [224]. The principle is the detection of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in single microdroplets by a homogeneous quenching fluorescence immunoassay (QFIA). The competitive immunoassay occurs in microdroplets (d=58.4 mm) produced by a piezoelectric generator system. A continuous Ar ion laser (488 nm) excites the fluorescent tracer and its fluorescence is detected by a spectrometer attached to a cooled, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera... 

The use of a sensitive camera system, such as a cooled charged-coupled device (CCD) camera, facilitates resolution and recording of the image, including the pseudocolors generated by probes 4-7. 

Sapsford etal. (2001) examined microarray-based antibody-antigen binding kinetics in real time to determine the effect of spot size. Capture antibodies were immobilized in an array pattern onto silver-clad microscope slides. Antimouse IgG was directly attached to the surface or attached via neutravidin capture of the biotinylated antibody. Cy5-labeled mouse IgG capture was monitored based upon the signal generated from the excitation of an evanescent wave guide (slide) with a 635-nm laser source detection was achieved by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system. Both static and flow-through conditions were employed. 

Figure 3.40 shows the layout of a typical Raman analyzer that uses fiber optics for process application. In a Raman process system, light is filtered and delivered to the sample via excitation fiber. Raman-scattered light is collected by collection fibers in the fiber-optic probe, filtered, and sent to the spectrometer via return fiber-optical cables. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detects the signal and provides the Raman spectrum. To take advantage of low-noise CCD cameras and to minimize fluorescence interference, NIR diode lasers are used in process instruments. 

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