Charcoal decolorizer

Thinking Critically Suggest a method to show that the charcoal decolorized the coffee and did not add potassium to the solution. 

Reported to have diaphoretic, demulcent, and febrifuge activity (wren). The charcoal-decolorized extract (deertongue incolore) has been reported to be nonirritating, nonsensitizing, nonphototoxic, and nonphotoallergenic when applied to the skin of animals and/or humans. ... 

GaUic acid is heated with about half its weight of water in a copper autoclave until the pressure reaches 1.2 MPa (12 atm) and the temperature is 175°C. Steam and carbon dioxide are released but sufficient water is retained to maintain the pyrogaHol as a Hquid. The cooled solution is decolorized with animal charcoal and is then evaporated until the volatile pyrogaHol distills into iron receivers. The sohdified material is purified by repeated distillation, sublimation, or vacuum distillation at 200°C in the presence of diaLkyl phthalates (8). 

In a 500-cc. round-bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser are placed 68 g. of phenylurea (0.5 mole) (Note i) and 120 cc. (i mole) of 42 per cent hydrazine hydrate solution (Note 2). The flask is heated on a steam bath for about twelve hours. The hot mixture is treated with a small amount of decolorizing charcoal (Norite) and filtered. The charcoal is washed with two 15-CC. portions of warm water and the filtrate and washings are then concentrated on a steam bath to about 100 cc. On coolipg in an ice bath a crop of crystals separates and is collected on a filter and washed with two 15-cc. portions of cold water. The filtrate and washings are concentrated to about 25 cc. and another crop of crystals is obtained as before. The total yield of crude compound is 47-52 g. It is white at first but sometimes turns brown on drying. It usually melts below 115° because of some unchanged phenylurea. 

In order to secure a pure product the above material is dissolved in 175 cc. of tetrachloroethane by boiling and the solution is boiled under reflux for fifteen minutes with 12 g. of decolorizing carbon, and then filtered by suction into an Erlenmeyer flask, washing the charcoal with about 50 cc. of hot solvent. The filtrate is kept hot, treated with 750 cc. of boiling alcohol, and set aside to crystallize. The benzanthrone separates as pure yellow needles melting at r7o-i7r° yield, 48-52 g. (60-65 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Note 7). 

The crude acid is dissolved in 300 cc. of hot water, boiled with 4-5 g. of decolorizing charcoal for a few minutes, and the solution filtered. After cooling thoroughly under the tap the purified product is filtered with suction and washed with 10-15 c. of cold water. The purified acid weighs 35-40 g. (70-80 per cent of the theoretical amount) and melts at 211-212°. 

Benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (Triton B) [100-85-6] M 167.3, d 0.91. A 38% soln (as supplied) was decolorized (charcoal), then evaporated under reduced pressure to a syrup, with final drying at 75° and 1 mm pressure. Prepared anhydrous by prolonged drying over P2O5 in a vacuum desiccator. 

Filter aids may be applied in one of two ways. The first method involves the use of a precoat filter aid, which can be applied as a thin layer over the filter before the suspension is pumped to the apparatus. A precoat prevents fine suspension particles from becoming so entangled in the filter medium that its resistance becomes exces-sive. In addition it facilitates the removal of filter cake at the end of the filtration cycle. The second application method involves incorporation of a certain amount of the material with the suspension before introducing it to the filter. The addition of filter aids increases the porosity of the sludge, decreases its compressibility, and reduces the resistance of the cake. In some cases the filter aid displays an adsorption action, which results in particle separation of sizes down to 0.1 /i. The adsorption ability of certain filter aids, such as bleached earth and activated charcoals, is manifest by a decoloring of the suspension s liquid phase. This practice is widely used for treating fats and oils. The properties of these additives are determined by the characteristics... 

Charcoal is not only employed in activated form for decoloring and adsorbing dissolved admixtures but also in its unactivated form as a filter aid. It can be used in suspensions consisting of aggressive liquids (e.g., strong acids and alkalies). As with sawdust, it can be used to separate solids that may be roasted. On combustion, the charcoal leaves a residue of roughly 2 percent ash. Particles of charcoal are porous and form cakes of high density but that have a lesser retention ability than does diatomite. 

Diatomaceous earths may resemble the forms of the charcoals. The earths are primarily filter aids, precoats or adsorbents, the hmction of the filter medium being secondary. Fuller s earth and clays are used for decoloring applications diatomaceous earths are used for clarification. The adsorbtivity of diatomaceous earth works in the same fashion as activated carbon, but isotherms (affinity) for many chemical species like the hydrocarbons is weaker. For this reason, activated charcoal or carbon is much preferred in wastewater treatment applications expecially when taste and odor issues are priorities. 

Propenyl)aniline (1, 1.0 g, 7.52 mmol), PdCl2(CH3CN)2 (0.195 g, 0.75 mmol), benzoquinone (0.812 g, 7.52 mmol), and LiCl (3.158 g, 75.2 mmol) were combined in THF (95 mL). After 5 h at reflux, the solvent was removed and the residue was stirred with ether and decolorizing charcoal for approximately 20 min and filtered. The filtrate was washed five times with 50-mL portions of 1 M NaOH. The solvent was removed by vacuum, and the residue was placed on a silica gel column and eluted with 3 1 petroleum ether/ether. 2-Methylindole (2, 0.818 g, 86%) was collected as a white, crystalline solid, identical with authentic material. ... 

Four 250-ml fractions were collected followed by 150 ml fractions. The residues from fractions B to 16 were combined and rechromatographed over a 125-g column of magnesium silicate. The solumn was eluted with 6% acetone in hexanes which was collected in 150 ml portions. Fractions IB to 29 were combined and dissolved in acetone, decolorized with charcoal, and recrystallized from acetone. One gram of a crystalline mixture of the 7-epimers of 7,17-dimethyltestosterone was obtained melting at 120° to 140°C. 

However the acid is prepared, the sodium salt may be prepared as described in U.S. Patent 3,503,967 Five liters of methylene chloride were added to a clean dry vessel equipped with stirrer. 7-[a(4-pyridylthio)acetamido] cephalosporanic acid (1,000 g) was added to the vessel, followed by 350 ml of triethylamine. The resultant solution was treated with decolorizing charcoal for 15 minutes and filtered. A solution of sodium-3-ethyl-hexanoate (27.3%) in butanol-methylene chloride was added to the filtrate with stirring. Seven thousand five hundred milliliters of acetone was added. Crystallization occurred while stirring was continued several hours under dry conditions. The crystals were collected by filtration, washed with large volumes of acetone, and then dried in vacuo at 50°C to yield about 950 g of the title compound. 

The following method is described in U.S. Patent 2,430,891. To a solution of 10 parts of tris-p-methoxyphenyl ethylene in 35 to 40 parts of carbon tetrachloride Is added a solution of 2.0 parts of chlorine in 50 parts of carbon tetrachloride, with stirring, and over a period of Vj hour. The carbon tetrachloride is then removed by distillation on a steam bath and the residual oil is recrystallized from 250 to 400 parts of methanol, decolorizing with charcoal or the like if necessary. Tris-p-methoxyphenyl chloroethylene is obtained in a yield of 65 to 75%. It melts at 113° to 114°C. 

The N-[/3-(o-chlorophenyl)-/3-hydroxyethyl] -isopropylamine obtained by the foregoing procedure was dissolved in about 3 liters of ether and dry hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into the solution until it was saturated, whereupon the hydrochloride salt of N-[/3-(o-chloro-phenyl)-/3-(hydroxy)-ethyl] isopropylamine precipitated. The salt was separated from the ether by filtration, and was dissolved in two liters of anhydrous ethanol. The alcoholic solution was decolorized with charcoal and filtered. 

The pale yellow product was dissolved in warm, absolute methanol, and the solution after mixing with decolorizing charcoal was filtered through a bed of filter aid. The filter bed was washed with warm absolute methanol, and the combined methanolic filtrate and... 

The crude product separates as a solid from the reaction medium and is recovered by filtration, and it is then washed thoroughly with ether and dissolved in 350 ml 1 N HCI. Then, approximately 250 ml of the aqueous solvent is removed with a rotary evaporator and the evaporation residue combined with 125 ml methanol and filtered through decolorizing charcoal. The product is precipitated as the HCI salt by the addition of 7 parts of acetone. The resulting crystalline material is removed by filtration dried at 40°C with vacuum, and has a melting point of about 242°C and Is used without further purification. 

The 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and n-butyryl chloride are placed in the reaction vessel and stirred while the aluminum chloride is added portionwise over a 45-minute period. The mixture then is heated on the steam bath for 3 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature. The gummy product obtained is added to a mixture of 300 ml of crushed ice and 30 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting mixture is extracted with ether and the extract evaporated at reduced pressure. The residue Is suspended in boiling water and dissolved by addition of a minimum quantity of 40% sodium hydroxide. After treatment with decolorizing charcoal and filtering, the hot filtrate is made acid to Congo red paper and chilled in ice. 

The oil that separates is extracted with ether, the extract dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then evaporated at reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in boiling benzene (75 ml) treated with decolorizing charcoal, filtered, treated with boiling cyclohexane (275 milliliters) and cooled to give 22.3 grams of 2,3-dichloro-4-butyrylphenoxyacetic acid. After several recrystallizations from a mixture of benzene and cyclohexane, then from methyl-cyclohexane, next from a mixture of acetic acid and water, and finally from methylcyclo-hexane, the product melts at 110° to 111°C (corr). 

After 2 hours the mixture is cooled to about 0°C and the crude product Is collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether and dried in a vacuum oven. After treatment with decolorizing charcoal and recrystallization from an equivolume mixture of isopropanol and methanol, the product, 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-N-(2-piperidylmethyl)benzamide hydrochloride has a MP of 228°C to 229°C. 

The fructose solution was decolorized by treatment with activated charcoal and concentrated under vacuum to a thick syrup. Two volumes of hot 95% ethyl alcohol were added, and the solution was heated to a boil and filtered to remove a small amount of insoluble material. After cooling, three volumes of ethyl ether were added, and the solution was allowed to stand overnight in the refrigerator. Fructose separated from the solution as a thick syrup and was... 

Preparation of oi-Acetylamino-cx-Carboxy- -(S-Benzyloxy-lndolyl-3j-Propionic Acid 18 grams ethyl o -acetylamino-0 -carbethoxy-/3-(5-benzyloxy-lndolyl-3)-propionate was suspended in 85 ml water containing 8.5 grams sodium charcoal. The suspension was refluxed for 4 hours, decolorizing charcoal added, and the solution filtered hot through Hyflo Super-cel. 

The crude iodinated acid was then dissolved in 500 ml of 95% alcohol, 10 g of dimethyl-aminoethanol was added, the solution was decolorized with activated charcoal and filtered at 70°C. After keeping the filtrate for several hours at 5°C, the heavy crystalline precipitate which formed was collected by filtration and washed with acetone. The mother liquors were concentrated to 150 ml and cooled to give a second crop which was further purified by recrystallization from 50 ml of 95% alcohol. In this way a total of 36.0 g of dimethyl-aminoethanol salt of dextro-/3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxy)-o-phenylpropionic acid, MP 151° to 153°C, was obtained. The melting point of the dimethylaminoethanol salt of unresolved /3-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxy)-o-phenylpropionic acid was 142° to 144°C. 

Hydroxycyclopentyl-(o-chlorophenyl)-ketone N-methylimine (2.0 g) Is dissolved in 15 ml of Decalin and refluxed for Th hours. After evaporation of the Decalin under reduced pressure, the residue is extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid, the solution treated with decolorizing charcoal, and the resulting acidic solution is made basic. The liberated product, 2-methylamino-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-cyclohexanone, after crystallization from pentane-ether, has MP 92° to 93°C. The hydrochloride of this compound has MP 262° to 263°C. 

In the final production preparation, a mixture of ethyl methyl(3-benzoylphenyl)cyano-acetate (48 g), concentrated sulfuric acid (125 cc) and water (125 cc) is heated under reflux under nitrogen for 4 hours, and water (180 cc) is then added. The reaction mixture is extracted with diethyl ether (300 cc) and the ethereal solution is extracted with N sodium hydroxide (300 cc). The alkaline solution is treated with decolorizing charcoal (2 g) and then acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (40 cc). An oil separates out, which is extracted with methylene chloride (450 cc), washed with water (100 cc) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The product is concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure (20 mm Hg) to give a brown oil (33.8 g). 

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