Characterization of structures

Identification of unknown compounds in solutions, liquids, and crystalline materials characterization of structural order, and phase transitions... 

Hendrickson, J.B. (1971) A Systematic Characterization of Structures and Reactions for Use in Organic Synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 93, 6847-6854. 

Various chemical derivatizations of natural carotenoids may serve to improve separation and lead to better characterization of structure. These methods are discussed in Section VI. 

Characterization of structural, spectroscopic, and reactivity properties of model compounds—that is, metal cofactor small molecule analogs. 

Before fluorination, the dielectric constant ofpoly(bisbenzocyclobutene) was 2.8, and this value was reduced to 2.1 after plasma treatment. No data were reported in the paper on characterization of structure or properties, except for the dielectric constant of the modified poly(bisbenzocyclobutene). The authors did report that the thermal stability offluorinatedpoly(vinylidenefluoride) was inferior to the original poly(vinylidenefluoride) when treated in a similar way. One of the probable reasons for the low thermal stability is that the NF3 plasma degraded the polymer. According to their results, the thickness of fluorinated poly(bisbenzo-cyclobutene) was reduced by 30%. The same phenomenon was observed for other hydrocarbon polymers subjected to the NF3 plasma process. A remaining question is whether plasma treatment can modify more than a thin surface layer of the cured polymer Additionally, one of the side products generated was hydrogen fluoride, which is a serious drawback to this approach. 

Gene mapping detection of heteromorphisms and determination of parental origin of heteromorphisms Detection of gene mutations Characterization of structural aberrations Identification of marker chromosomes Characterization of tumor cells Chromosome and karyotype evolution Spatial topography of chromosomes... 

R. B. Ultrafiltration tandem mass spectrometry of estrogens for characterization of structure and affinity for human estrogen receptors. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 16, 271-279. 

Edenharder, R. et al., Isolation and characterization of structurally novel antimutagenic flavonoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea), J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2767, 2001. 

Information theory 71,72) is a convenient basis for the quantitative characterization of structures. It introduces simple structural indices called information content (total or mean) of any structured system. For such a system having N elements distributed into classes of equivalence Nls N2,..., Nk a probability distribution P pi, p2,..., pk is constructed (p = Nj/N). The entropy of this distribution, calculated 71) by the Shannon formula1 ... 

The current work is focused on application of thermogravimetry in qualitative characterization of structure of MCM-41 samples prepared using the hydrothermal restructuring method [22-25] and direct synthesis procedure involving hexadecyldimethylamine as an expander [25,26]. It is demonstrated that the weight-change patterns of as-synthesized samples provide qualitative information about phase purity, stability upon calcination and the resulting structure of the calcined samples. 

Various levels of structure ultimately determine the properties of a polymer. The characterization of structure and how it influences properties is outlined in the following. 

Methods for characterization of structure in whippable dairy-based emulsions... 

In the following paragraphs, methods of preparation and characterization of structurally simple supported metal complexes are summarized, and examples are presented that illustrate characterization data and support general conclusions about structure, bonding, reactivity, and catalysis. 

Chen, S.X., Hardin, C.C., and Swaisgood, H.E. 1993. Purification and characterization of -structural domains of (3-lactoglobulin liberated by limited proteolysis. J. Protein Chem. 12, 613-625. 

One of the golden rules for a successful work in HT experiments is the automation of the entire workflow, i.e. one must be able to produce what one is able to analyze, because a variety of solid phases and distinct structural features can be obtained across a typical 6x8 matrix. Therefore, the characterization of structural properties of catalytic materials, as for example crystallinity degree, requires the application of X-ray microdiffractometers [50] fitted with GADDS (Brucker). The collimated beams of about 500 p diameter... 

Figure 4.3. Fields of proteomic research. Proteomic research can be classified into six general research fields. Proteomic mapping and proteomic profiling constitute the first tier of proteomic analysis based upon identification and quantitation of proteins within a defined space of interest that can range from the entire organism to the protein level. The second tier of proteomic analyses is shown below involving global characterization of structure, function, posttranslational modifications, and association with other proteins (or other biochemical components).

Greenwood, C. T., and Thomson, J. 1961. Physicochemical studies on starches. Part XXIII. Some physical properties of floridean starch and the characterization of structure-type of branched a-l,4-glucans. J. Chem. Soc. 1534-1537. 

Querner C, Schmidt T, Arndt KF (2004) Characterization of structural changes of poly(vinyl methyl ether) gamma-irradiated in diluted aqueous solutions. Langmuir 20(7) 2883-2889... 

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