Y-chromosome markers

Y-chromosome markers are listed m their major haplotype groups. 

Y-chromosome markers in conjunction with a large database of typed individuals. 

DNA analysis has also been useful in tracing human migration.337 3386 For example, a genetic marker in the Y chromosome is carried by 85% of native Americans, suggesting that they are all descended from a man who lived -20,000 years ago, probably an immigrant from Siberia 339 Contrary to usual assumptions women, more often than men, seem to have spread their DNA to new locations in the world.327b Studies of cattle and of the wild ox reveal information about domestification of these animals about 10,000 years ago in Europe, Asia, and Africa.340... 

FIGURE 5-2 Diagram of a chromosome-loss test for the sex chromosomes when the male is the treated parent. The regular progeny are shown as classes (a) and (b). Class (c) is a presumptive loss of either the X or Y chromosome, but a portion of such a sex chromosome lacking marker mutants may still remain. Classes (d) and (e) represent loss of the and Bs marked regions, respectively, of the Y chromosome. Class (f) is a rare class and arises from nondisjunction of the X and Y chromosome in the parental male. Classes (g) and (h) are rare classes that arise from primary nondisjunction of the X chromosomes in the parental female. Reprinted with permission from Abrahamson and Lewis.5... 

Fertility end-points include live births, plurality of birth, and secondary sex ratio, or the ratio of male to female live births. Xenobiotics that selectively impact the X or Y chromosome may result in decrements of the sex ratio, possibly due to differences in rates of conception or pregnancy loss. In fact, investigators have used this ratio as a sentinel marker of male fecundity (Davis et al.,... 

The ancestral Adam and Eve of everyone, in and out of Africa, makes us all brothers and sisters even more than we have recently thought. But to trace the line of descent to Hippocrates, we need to consider just a few Africans. These were Africans who began their new diaspora out of Africa a mere 50,000 to 80,000 years ago, perhaps at most 100,000 or so. We can track the journey out of Africa by mutations that survive today, called biomarkers. For example the Y chromosome of many non-Africans, called marker M168, defines Eurasian Adam, whose male ancestor lived 30,000 to 79,000 years ago but whose ancestors are still found in Eastern Africa and the Southern Middle East. Similarly a descendent of his acquired M45 in Central Eurasia north of India, but his descendants moved on west. So, though some of the descendants of these men still live in the vicinity of the places where the mutations occurred, they have spread to colonize northern Europe. The geographical distribution... 

The major application of CE in forensic biology is in the detection and analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs). STR markers are preferred because of the powerful statistical result that is possible with these markers and the large databases that exist for convicted offenders profiles. Other related applications include the analysis of haploid markers in the Y chromosome and in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Nonhuman DNA testing can also be performed depending on the circumstances of the case. The techniques involved include genotyping, DNA sequencing, and mutation detection. 

Boschman, G. A., Buys, C. H., van der Veen, A. Y Rens, W., Osinga, J., Slater, R. M and Aten, J. A. (1993) Identification of a tumor marker chromosome by flow sorting, DNA amplification in vitro, and in situ hybridization of the amplified product. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 6, 10-16. 

Kendler KS, MacLean CJ, Ma Y, O Neill FA, Walsh D, et al. 1999. Marker-to-marker linkage disequilibrium on chromosomes 5q, 6p, and 8p in Irish high-density schizophrenia pedigrees. Am J Med Genet 88 29-33. 

Crolla, J A, Smith, M., and Docherty, Z. (1989) Idendficadon and characterizarion of a small marker chromosome using nonisotopic in situ hybridizadon with X and Y specific probes./ Med. Genet. 26,192-194. 

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