Chain reactions identification

Favia, G., Lanfrancotti, A., Della Torre, A., Gancrini, G. and Coluzzi, M. (1996) Polymerase chain reaction - identification of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitobgy 113, 567-571. 

Bagasra O, Lavi E, Bobroski L, Khafili K, Pestaner JP, Tawadros R, Pomerantz RJ (1996) CeUular reservoirs of HIV-1 in the central nervous system of infected individuals identification by the combination of in situ polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Aids 10(6) 573-585... 

There have been a number of attempts to achieve this objective, but so far the challenge has not been fully met. This Chapter will examine some of the conventional approaches and then go on to consider how recent developments in the use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with DNA for the identification of species and individual organisms by DNA analysis, sometimes known as DNA Fingerprinting", have identified a yet unrealized need for a new dimension of certified reference materials. 

A. Bubert, S. Kohler, and W. Goebel, The homologus and heterologous regions within the lAP-gene and genus-specific and species-specific identification of Listeria by polymera.se chain-reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.. 5S 2632 (1992). 

Two principal types of nucleic acid-based methods, nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are commonly used for the rapid identification of bacteria. A few other nucleic acid-based methods will also be mentioned. 

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most important techniques for rapid bacterial identification. It consists of repeated cycles of enzymatic reactions in a thermal cycler (PCR machine) that copies DNA strands many times. The DNA amplified in one PCR cycle is used as a template for the next cycle. This results in an exponential increase of the desired target... 

Sato, T. Hu, J. P Ohki, K. Yamaura, M. Washio, J. Matsuyama, J. Takahashi, N. Identification of mutans streptococci by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2003,18, 323-326. 

Additionally it has been our experience that mass spectrometry as a routine detection/identification technique for bacteria is not well received by microbiologists and clinicians who prefer less expensive, less complicated approaches to bacterial typing and identification, such as methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For that reason we have adapted our MS approach to serve as a means of biomarker discovery that feeds candidate proteins or leads into development as PCR targets or other immunoassay techniques. 

Patino B, Medina A, Domenech M, Gonzalez-Jaen MT, Jimenez M and Vazquez C. 2007. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of Penicillium brevicompactum, a grape contaminant and mycophenolic acid producer. Food Addit Contam 24(2) 165-172. 

CDC Case Definition An illness with acute onset of fever >101°F followed by a rash characterized by firm, deep seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause. Clinically consistent cases are those presentations of smallpox that do not meet this classical clinical case definition (1) hemorrhagic type, (2) flat type, and (3) variola sine eruptione. Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of variola DNA in a clinical specimen, or (2) isolation of smallpox (variola) virus from a clinical specimen (Level D laboratory only confirmed by variola PCR). 

Chen, X., Romaine, C. P., Ospina-Giraldo, M. D., and Royse, D. J. (1999). A polymerase chain reaction-based test for the identification of Trichoderma harzianum biotypes 2 and 4, responsible for the worldwide green mold epidemic in cultivated Agaricus bisporus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52, 246-250. 

Dean, T. R., Roop, B., Betancourt, D., and Menetrez, M. Y. (2005). A simple multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of four environmentally relevant fungal contaminants. /. Microbiol. Methods 61, 9-16. 

Levels of RNA (usually specific mRNAs) in a cell can be measured by well-established techniques such as Northern blot analysis or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. However, the recent advent of DNA microarray technology has converted the identification and measurement of specific mRNAs (or other RNAs if required) into a high-throughput process. DNA arrays are also termed oligonucleotide arrays , gene chip arrays or simply, chips . 

It was a speculative proposal. Szilard supposed that neutrons might be better at triggering radioactive decay than alpha particles - but no one had yet shown this. And it required the identification of a substance that both captured and emitted neutrons. Moreover, to set off a chain reaction, the number of neutrons emitted would have to exceed the number captured. All the same, the possibility pointed to a dramatic, even terrifying conclusion, and it chilled Szilard to... 

Baumann, R. E., and Henschen, A. H. (1993). Human fibrinogen polymorphic site analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification Identification of polymorphisms at positions A alpha 312 and B beta 448. Blood 82, 2117-2124. 

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