Cerebrum and

Cerebrum and cerebral Processes, integrates, and analyzes information... 

The gray matter, which contains the cell bodies of neurons, is on the outer surface of the cerebrum and forms the cerebral cortex. The white matter, composed of the myelinated axons of neurons, is found underlying the cortex in the core of the cerebrum. These axons are bundled together according to function and organized into units referred to as tracts. The three types of tracts in the cerebrum are ... 

The gray matter is composed of nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated intemeuron fibers. The location of the gray matter in the spinal cord is opposite to that of the brain. In the brain, the gray matter of the cerebrum and the cerebellum is found externally forming a cortex, or covering, over the internally located white matter. In the spinal cord, the gray matter is found internally and is surrounded by the white matter. 

In Forest Steppe biogeochemical province with Eutric Phaerozems and Distric Chernozems, enriched in all trace metals, such illnesses as lung and stomach cancer, tumor of cerebrum and spinal cord, and nephritis are predominant, whereas the Addison-Bearmer anemia, progressive myopia and glaucoma are relatively seldom. 

It may be noted that the retina represents an outlying portion of the brain itself. It arises as a protrusion from the prosencephalon (anterior portion of the cerebrum), and, being a constituent part of the brain, presents the same anatomical and physiological problems as does the central nervous system elsewhere. The more or less complete spatial separation of the synapses from the cell bodies makes the retina eminently suitable for finding out whether a known biochemical constituent is located in the cell bodies, axons, dendrites or at the synapses, and the information so obtained may perhaps be applicable to other parts of the nervous system, where the cell bodies and the synapses are all too intimately mingled for a proper analysis. 

CYPl 1B2 mRNA in rat hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebrum, and cerebellum by RT-PCR and Southern blot (Gomez-Sanchez et al., 1997). 

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The average adult brain weighs 1250-1380 grams. The brain is divided into three gross parts the brainstem, the cerebrum, and the cerebellum. Structurally, the brain may be likened to a bouquet of flowers with the cerebrum (as two cerebral hemispheres) blossoming outwards above the brainstem the cerebellum is attached at the back of the brainstem. 

Slatkin, D., R Micca, A. Eorman, D. Gabel, L. Wielopolski, and R. Eairchild. 1986. Boron uptake in melanoma, cerebrum and blood from Na2Bi2HuSH and Na4B24H22S2 administered to mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35 1771-1776. 

Cerebrum and cerebellum Motor nerve tracts Sensory nerve tract Balance problems, speech problems, coordination, tremors Muscle weakness, spasticity paralysis, vision problems, bladder, bowel problems Altered sensation, numbness, prickling, burning sensation... 

The mesencephalon, or midhrain, serves as a bridge between the higher areas of the brain (cerebrum and diencephalon) and the brainstem. The brainstem consists of the pons and the medulla oblongata. In addition to serving as a pathway between the higher brain and spinal cord, the midbrain and brainstem are the locations of centers responsible for controlling respiration and cardiovascular function (vasomotor center). 

The most significant of the abnormalities observed in a hypothyroid brain is a hypoplastic neuropile, i.e., a marked reduction in the number of connections between neurons [102], This has been observed both in the cerebrum and the cerebellum. For instance a permanent and dramatic reduction in the arborization of the dendritic tree of the Purkinje cell is observed in the hypothyroid cerebellum [103]. The length of the primary dendritic trunk is increased and a deficit in the number, density and branching of the dendritic spines is noticed. In contrast neonatal hyperthyroidism accelerates development of spines. Similar findings have been reported for the cerebrum, i.e., reduction in length and branching of pyramidal neurons, of the density of axonal terminals and of the number of spines [102],... 

In four children, two of whom were being treated with 3% hexachlorophene baths for burns and two for severe congenital ichthyosis, the interval between exposure and symptoms ranged from 6 hours to 10 days (24). AH showed severe vacuolation of the white matter in different areas of the cerebrum and cerebellum. 

In a patient with end-stage renal disease, there was a marked increase in serum silver concentration during treatment with silver sulfadiazine cream 200 g/day for 2 weeks (29). The serum concentration of silver reached a maximum of 291 ng/ml and there was rapid deterioration of mental status. Silver sulfadiazine was withdrawn, but the patient died after 4 months. At autopsy, there were very high concentrations of silver in the brain tissues (617 and 824 ng/g in the cerebrum and cerebellum respectively). 

Stereotaxical injection of clodronate liposomes into the fourth ventricle of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats resulted in a complete depletion of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal cord of these rats (20). These results confirm that, also, macrophages in the brain are accessible to liposomes if the latter are administered along the right route. 

It should be noted that circadian rhythms in HT levels have also been found in the whole brain of the mouse94 and rat in the cortex of the rat96 and in the cerebrum and brain stem of the turtle97. 

Damaging mechanisms. Due to their physical and chemical properties, toluol molecules cause local irritative hyperemic lesions on the contact mucosa of the respiratory tract, dystrophic damage of the cerebrum and liver cells mainly by inhibition of enzyme groups and intracellular hypoxia. 

Fig. 6. A, ChE activity of homogenates from the cerebrum (white columns) and retina (hatched columns) of atropinized male rats 16 h after subcutaneous administration of 2-MPAM-ES iodide (0.325 mg/kg). Two hours prior to the administration of the inhibitor the animals were pretreated with subcutaneous injections of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 mg/kg), ouabain (1 mg/kg), and X-ray irradiation, 5,000 rads, through the head. Enzyme activities are expressed as percentages of the normal. Erythrocyte ChE activity (not shown on the figure) was reduced to 24% (see also Fig. 3). B, Columns denoting ChE in the cerebrum and retina as in A, but from animals pretreated with paraoxon (0.3 mg/kg) intravenously. The left pair of columns represents control animals which were given no subsequent reactivator therapy, whereas the following 3 pairs of columns show the effect of the enzyme reactivators indicated on figure. The ChE reactivation is seen to be more pronounced in the retina than in the cerebrum. Reactivation of erythrocyte ChE (not shown) was materially complete in these experiments. For further details (reactivator dosage, number and time-spacing of doses, etc.) see text.

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information coming into the cerebrum and plays a role in the control of sleep and wakefulness. 

Tsakiris, S. and Kontopoulos, A.N., Time changes in Na, K -ATPase, Mg -ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase activities in the rat cerebrum and cerebellum caused by stress, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 44, 339, 1993. 

The persistence of such pathology is borne out by autopsy examination. The patients showed small symmetrical atrophic brains with brain weight reduced by as much as two-thirds, widespread loss of nerve cells from the cerebrum and cerebellum, and disruption of the normal cytoar-chitecture. In humans, the most severe... 

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