Stereotaxical injection

On the other hand, there are a few observations that raise concerns that are worth mentioning. First, the effects of CREB and the CaMK cascade are not always identical. For example, after stereotaxic injection of viruses expressing a constitu-tively active CaMKIV (CA-CaMKIV) and a constitutively active form of CREB (CA-CREB), several parameters were compared in the CA area of the hippocampus. 

Hanley MR, Emson PC (1979) Neuronal degeneration induced by stereotaxic injection of beta-bungarotoxin into rat brain. Neurosci Lett 11 143-8... 

Linear PEI None CMV-H1 Stereotaxic injection into lateral ventricles Normal brain Mice Brain TRal Inhibition of gene expression (55)... 

Stereotaxical injection of clodronate liposomes into the fourth ventricle of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats resulted in a complete depletion of perivascular and meningeal macrophages in the cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal cord of these rats (20). These results confirm that, also, macrophages in the brain are accessible to liposomes if the latter are administered along the right route. 

Forebrain cholinergic neurons in male rats were le-sioned with ibotenic acid using stereotaxic injections. Following 4-7 days of recovery, animals were tested in a water maze task to find the hidden platform as a measure of spatial working memory. Four trials were conducted... 

Gene therapy is still at the pre-clinical stage and cellular and in vivo studies (Guidotti et ah, 1998 Kyrkanides et al., 2005) support the utility of this approach for cross-correction of cells in privileged sites such as the brain. In the Sandhoff mouse model, enhanced survival following delivery to the brain via stereotaxic injection of adeno-associated viral vectors (Cachon-Gonzalez et al., 2006) was observed to be greater than a combination of BMT and SRT (Jeyakumar et al., 2001). 

Figure 10.2-8. MRI imaging for gene expression stndy. In this example, Genove et al. [2] have documented the expression of a ferritin-encoding gene after stereotaxic injection of a recombinant adenovirus. In this study, the MRI imaging approach was validated by an X-Gal staining after injection of an AdV-LacZ. MRI allows a kinetic study of the gene expression. Reprinted from Ref. 2, with permission from Nature Publication Group. (This figure is available in full color at ftp //ftp.wiley.com/public/sci tech med/pharmaceutical biotech/.)...

For surgery 20 control females were anaesthetized at the age of 165 days with an intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg of ketamine. Ibotenic acid (IBO) was stereotaxically injected into the dorsal hippocampi (10 jUg IBO in 0.5 jul of phosphate buffer into each hemisphere). Ten additional females were treated alike without IBO injection (sham operation). For amygdala lesions 0.4 jUg IBO in 0.4 jul phosphate buffer were stereotaxically injected into each side. 

Fig. 6 Evans blue extravasation following intracerebral injection of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. (a) EB was injected intravenously before stereotaxic injection of 500 ng HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 (a neurotoxin inducing neuronal apoptosis) into the rat caudate-putamen (CP). Controls consisted of brains injected with saline and with rat IgG (a component having similar molecular weight as gpl 20). One day later, extravasation of EB was seen in the CP (arrou. (b) Fluorescence corresponding to EB extravasation was observed by fluorescence microscopy in the injected CP. (c) Relationship between concentrations of gpl 20 and EB-positive areas in the brain (modified from [105])...

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