Ceramic nanoparticles

Another possible form of administration that is under study is through the use of nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 200-400 nm, obtained through the formation of nanocrystals or by creating nanoscale structures that capture the biomolecules. Depending on the materials employed and the preparation method, distinct particles can be used nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric micelles, ceramic nanoparticles, and dendrimers. 

Contains a proprietary ceramic nanoparticle, a unique composition of matter that provides improved density and differential gloss. 

The above three layers form what is collectively referred to as the "ink-receptive formulation". Critical to the success of this product is the COLORCAST technology embodied by the cationic polymer additives called "mordants" that are designed to bind and fix the dye molecules, along the ceramic nanoparticle in the protective overcoat. The exact choice, concentration, and location of the mordants are critical to achieving the best balance of image stabUity across the four main environmental factors hght, heat, humidity, and ozone. Equally important is incorporation of the proprietary ceramic nanoparticles present in the overcoat layer. 

FIGURE 6.9 Microporous membrane structures (a) resulting from packing and sintering of ceramic nanoparticles and (b) ultramicroporous channels in the crystalline structure of a zeolite. 

The surface energy depends on the crystal faces exposed. For example, molecular dynamics simulations (Blonski and Garofalini 1993) give the different surface energies for various orientations of a- and y-alumina surfaces. However, for mineralogical and ceramic nanoparticles, it is difficult or impossible to control (or measure) which surfaces dominate, and usually only some sort of average (not rigorously defined in terms of... 

Microwave-assisted synthesis using a copper acetate and sodium hydroxide solution with an ethanol solvent has produced quasispherical CuO nanoparticles with most particles ranging from about 3 to 5nm and a mean grain size of roughly 4nm. In general, it is not easy to fabricate ceramic nanoparticles, in part because it is difficult to achieve the uniform thermal... 

Ceramic nanoparticles 35nm Accumulate exclusively in the tumor tissue and allow the drug to act as sensitizer... 

Ceramic nanoparticles Passive targeting of cancer cells 33... 

Sun, J. et al.. Aqueous latex/ceramic nanoparticle dispersions Colloidal stability and coating properties, J. Colloid Interf. Sci, 280, 387, 2004. 

Insulators and conductors can also be deposited using solution deposition to form other layers in OFETs or OFET-based integrated circuits. Dispersible metallic and ceramic nanoparticles can be deposited and used directly or sintered to form high quality films. Precursor materials can also be deposited and reacted to form thin films. A range of precursors for conducting and insulating pol uners, ceramics, and metals exist which can be solution patterned. 

Feng, X. and MZ. Hu. 2004. Ceramic Nanoparticle Synthesis. In Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, ed. H.S. Nalwa, pp. 687-726. American Scientific Publishers, Santa Clarita, CA. 

H.N. Liu, T.J. Webster, Mechanical properties of dispersed ceramic nanoparticles in polymer composites for ordu tedic applications, Int. J. Nanomediedne 5 (2010) 299-313. 

A.-1. Moreno-Vega, T. Gomez-Quintero, R.-E. Nuiiez-Anita, L.-S. Acosta-Torres, V. Castano, Polymeric and ceramic nanoparticles in biomedical applications. J. Nanotechnol. 2012 (2012) 1-10, doi 10.1155/2012/936041. 

Figure 20.9 shows a typical plasma reactor that can also be used to produce ceramic nanoparticles. The... 

Magnetic ceramic nanoparticles are becoming of increasing interest in a number of areas. One of these areas is using them for the location and detection of viruses a viral nanosensor. The approach is illustrated in Figure... 

Birol H, Rambo CR, Guiotoku M, Hotza D (2013) Preparation of ceramic nanoparticles via cellulose-assisted glycine nitrate process a review. Rsc Adv 3 2873-2884... 

Sol-gel and precipitation methods are simple and commonly used wet-chemical synthesis methods of ceramic nanoparticles such as calcium phosphates, iron oxides, silica, titanium oxides, and zinc oxides. Basically, the sol-gel method uses inorganic precursors (i.e., meal salts or organometalhc molecules) that react in aqueous environment and subsequently form integrated network (gel). For example, metal oxide nanoparticles are often synthesized via the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of metal alkoxides ... 

Precipitation (or coprecipitation) method is also a simple and efficient wet-chemical route for preparing ceramic nanoparticles. A carefuUy developed precipitation method that optimizes processing parameters such as reactants and their concentrations, pH, temperature, and calcination conditions can produce a massive and reproducible quantity of ceramic nanoparticles with high purity and crystallinity [10]. For example, one of the most important ceramics in orthopedic applications, nanocrystaUine hydroxyapatite (Ca,(,(PO )/OH)2, HA), can be produced in large quantity through the aqueous reaction ... 

Several other synthesis methods such as hydrolysis [20], pyrolysis [21,22], hydrothermal [10,23], and free-drying [24] methods are often used to fabricate ceramic nanoparticles, including calcium phosphates and carbonates, metal oxides, as well as nonoxides such as metal sulfates. Due to space limitations, these methods are not expanded here but it is important to note that the versatility of these methods provides rich opportunities to manufacture, modify, and functionalize complex nanoparticles or other nanoarchitectures. 

A few other ceramic nanoparticles have been studied to date for orthopedic applications, most of which, however, are used as additives to other orthopedic materials. For example, bare or functionahzed magnesium oxide, zirconia, barium sulfate, and calcium carbonate are added to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement to reduce the exothermic effect of PMMA while increase its cytocompatibility. X-ray radiopac-ity, as well as antibacterial potential [65],... 

In general, bioactive and bioresorbable ceramic nanoparticles like calcium phosphates or bioglass are considered to possess good biocompatibility properties and not cause (or cause negligible) adverse tissue responses, bnt more verification and evaluation are absolutely needed before further human applications of these nanomaterials. For other ceramics related to orthopedic applications, such TiO, Fe Oj or FCjO, Al Oj, Cr Oj, SiO, and ZnO, mixed or even contradictory results in both in vitro and in vivo studies have been reported. These contradictions indeed require a must know on the toxicity before future applications of ceramic nanoparticles. 

PPy-coated ceramic nanomaterial (zeohte and titanium sihcate) has been fabricated with microscopic structural homogeneity [216]. The core-shell nanoparticle was synthesized via a self-assembled array of cetylpyridinium chloride on the surface of core material. Cetylpyridinium chloride played a critical role for sustaining the colloidal stability of resulting product and providing a nanoscopically confined environment for the growth of ordered PPy film. An ultrathin PPy layer (thickness 10-30 nm) was successfully deposited on the ceramic nanoparticle (diameter 100 nm). Even with a fairly low amount of PPy in the core-shell nanoparticle (8%), a high conductivity (5 S cm ) was obtained. The result was attributed to the enhanced molecular order of PPy chains compared with conventional PPy. 

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