Ceramic nanoparticles silica

Sol-gel and precipitation methods are simple and commonly used wet-chemical synthesis methods of ceramic nanoparticles such as calcium phosphates, iron oxides, silica, titanium oxides, and zinc oxides. Basically, the sol-gel method uses inorganic precursors (i.e., meal salts or organometalhc molecules) that react in aqueous environment and subsequently form integrated network (gel). For example, metal oxide nanoparticles are often synthesized via the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of metal alkoxides ... 

A variety of luminescent nanoparticles have been specifically devised for con-focal and multiphoton microscopy. These include nanomaterials, such as silica-based nanoparticles doped with two-photon-absorbing fluorophores, able to exhibit aggregation-enhanced fluorescence, gold nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots/rods), and nanophosphors, viz., ceramic nanoparticles containing luminescent lanthanide ions. 

Early non-viral techniques involved the direct injection of naked DNA through the use of electrical impulses (electroporation), or bombardment with gold particles (gene gun), to force them across cellular membranes. However, these methods were inefficient, localized, and scarcely versatile. Non-viral carriers were developed using cationic lipids, polymers, carbon nanotubes, metal nanorods, and ceramic- and silica-based nanoparticles (Nishikawa Huang, 2001 Roy et al., 2003, 2005, 2008 Mintzer Simanek, 2009). 

Dye doped silica nanoparticles are conventional biological dyes encapsulated in a ceramic matrix to protect them from oxygen, enhance chemical stability, and allows the surface of the nanoparticle to be modified to enhance the hydrophilic qualities and improve cell uptake [37],... 

A review of the literature showed that the nanoparticles used in the production of nanofluids were aluminum oxide (AI2O3), titanium dioxide (Ti02), nitride ceramics (AIN, SiN), carbide ceramics (SiC, TiC), copper (Cu), copper oxide (CuO), gold (Au), silver (Ag), silica (Si02) nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNT). The base fluids used were water, oil, acetone, decene and ethylene glycol. Modem technology allows the fabrication of materials at the nanometer scale, they are usually available in the market under different particle sizes and purity conditions. They exhibit... 

The pyrolysis of PESs within the channels of the mesoporous silica MCM-41 and the creation of nanostructured magnetic ceramic nanocomposite materials has been achieved. In addition, use of a sacrificial porous alumina yields organometallic and magnetic ceramic nanofibers. Hyperbranched PFSs have also been synthesized and pyrolysis of these interesting materials has been found to lead to superparamagnetic ceramics. Furthermore, pyrolysis of PFSs with pendant Co clusters yields ceramics containing hybrid Fe/Co nanoparticles. ... 

Thus, the hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail of lipids ensure assembly into the oriented bilayer array of cell membranes. The amphiphilic sheet, bilayer, and vesicle are now familiar mofits in biomimetic materials and structures. Synthetic liposomes are employed as biocompatible, biodegradable drug-delivery vehicles. Amphiphile assemblies may serve as templates mono-disperse nanoparticles are synthesized inside reverse micelles, and inorganic structures and materials such as ceramic tubules or mesoporous silica are formed around tubular micelles, rather as inorganics are patterned by vesicles in the formation of the exoskeletons of radiolarians and diatoms. 

Nanotechnology is a hot research topic. The field is trendy, popular, and high-tech. Although silica and iron oxide nanoparticles have a commercial history spanning half a century or more it is really only within the plast 15-20 years that technologies have been developed for producing ultrapure nanosized powders of a range of ceramics. The... 

These phenomena may have significant potential for the development of ductile or elastic ceramics and could play a role in the action of nanoparticle additives such as fumed silica and carbon black, used to improve the properties of rubber. 

An ink for inkjet printing on ceramic surfaces such as glass has been described. The composition contains glass frits or silica nanoparticles. As organic polymeric binder a poly(acrylate) or poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) is used. In addition, photocurable monomers are in the composition. These are listed in Table 5.13. 

One merit of special attention in this chapter is the fact that sol-gel synthesis offers a convenient method for hosting chemical reactions, a process which is not possible using other synthesis techniques. Typically, in sol-gel encapsulation, silica nanoparticles surround the captive molecules during gel formation. In principle, the sol-gel process can be considered as a phase separation by sol-reactions, sol-gelation and finally, removal of the solvent resulting in a ceramic material Depending on the preparation, dense oxide particles or polymeric clusters will be obtained [16]. 

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