Cellulose annual production

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

Also, a Spanish company (Abengoa Bioenergy) has developed a process for the conversion of ligno-cellulosic biomass to ethanol based on SSF. A demonstration plant on the basis of wheat and barley straw has been operating in Salamanca since 2006, with an annual production capacity of five million litres of ethanol (Abengoa, 2006). 

Cellulose is the principal component of plant cell walls, and thus represents the world s most abundant organic polymer, with an annual production of 4 x 1010 tonnes per year. Cellulose is found in nature as an unbranched insoluble polymer... 

NMMO is the only organic solvent that is used commercially for production of regenerated cellulose fibers. The annual production of these fibers is 100 kton [37]. Currently, Acordis and Lenzig annually produce approx. 80 and 20 kton, respectively [48]. Several pilot plants exist at... 

As furan derivatives, both furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are readily prepared from renewable biomass. Furfural can be easily obtained from a variety of biomass containing pentoses, mainly including com cobs, oats and rice hulls, sugar cane bagasses, cotton seeds, ohve husks and stones, and wood chips. Furfuryl was first produced in the early nineteenth century and right now the annual production is 300,000 tons [101]. On the other hand, HMF is another major promising furan derivative due to its rich chemistry and potential availability from hexose carbohydrates or from their precursors such as fructose, glucose, sucrose, cellulose, and inulin [14]. 

CMC is the dominant cellulose derivative (annual production ca. 280,000 tons). There are three commercial types of CMC currently available crude or technical (60- 80% purity), refined (97% purity) and pure or food grade (99.5% minimum... 

Lignin is present in all vascular plants making it second to cellulose in abundance among polymers in nature. Since lignin, like many other biomass components, is formed via the photosynthesis reaction (Fig. 9.6), it is renewable and it has been estimated that the annual production of lignin on earth is in the range of 5-36 X 10 tons. 

Cellulose, the most abundant renewable and biodegradable polymer, is the promising feedstock for the production of chemicals for their appUcatimis in various industries. Annual production of cellulose in nature is estimated to be lO"—10 t in two forms, partially in a pure form, for example seed hairs of the cotton plant, but mostly as hemicelluloses in cell wall of woody plants (Klenun et al. 1998). The versatility of cellulose has been reevaluated as a useful structural and functional material. The environmental benefits of ceUulosics have become even more apparent (Hon 1996a). Cellulose is revered as a constmction material, mainly in the form of intact wood but also in the form of natural textile fibers like cotton or flax, or in the form of paper and board. The value of cellulose is also recognized as a versatile starting material for subsequent chemical transformation in production of artificial ceUulose-based threads and films as well as of a variety of cellulose derivatives for their utilization in several industries such as food, printing, cosmetic, oil well drilling, textile, pharmaceutical, etc. and domestic life. 

By 1941, as the first synthetic polymers were being converted into fibers (nylon and later polyester), regenerated cellulosic fiber production had risen to 1,250,000 ton. It continued to expand into the 1970s recording its highest ever annual output at 3,856,000 ton in 1973. Since then a steady decline has occurred as more and more end uses switch to the cheaper S5mthetic fibers based on oil valued at little more than the costs of extraction. 

Chitin was first isolated from mushroom tissue and named fungine in 1811 by Braconnot, a French botanist. A similar material was isolated by Odier from insect exoskeleton, which he termed chitine (1). Chitin is considered the second most plentiful biomaterial, following cellulose. The annual production of chitin biomass has been estimated at 1 x 10 kg worldwide (2). This has led to considerable scientific and technological interest in chitin and chitosan. Chitosan has become the preferred commercial form of this material as it is more tractable than chitin. Chitin is insoluble in most common solvents, whereas chitosan dissolves in many common aqueous acidic solutions. Chitosan has foimd applications in many primary industries such as agriculture, paper, textiles, and wastewater... 

Methylcellulose (MC) is produced, as in the case of CMC, by the Williamson synthesis, ie, by reaction of alkali cellulose with methyl chloride. World annual production is around 80,000 t/year (98). Other hydroxyalkyl derivatives or mixed ethers such as hydroxyethylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hy-droxybutylmethylcellulose, ethylmethylcellulose, and carboxymethylmethylcellu-lose have similar properties to MC. 

Acetic anhydride is an important industrial reagent. Over one-half its annual production of approximafely 750,000 fons is used for the manufacture of cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate is a wddely used textile fiber and is the chief component of cigarette filters. Acetic anhydride is the acetylation reagent used for the production of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). Succinic anhydride finds use in the succinylation of gelatin used as a blood plasma substitute, as a food preservative in chicken against Salmonella, and as a dog food preservative. 

Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides that are biosynthesized in large quantities in the majority of trees and terrestrial plants. An estimated annual production of hemicelluloses on the eardi is in die range of 60 billion tons. No statistics on the production of hemicelluloses in oceans and other aquatic systems are available. Hemicelluloses are the world s second most abundant family of pol3miers after cellulose and thus represent an enormous renewable resource that until now has been almost completely unused. 

In every case, nanofiber with a diameter of 20 nra was obtained, even after roasting of coffee beans. The annual production of 4.83 milHon tons of tea and 8.26 million tons of coffee in 2009 were considered waste after their use. Developments to find ways of utiHzing these wastes are gaining importance and making nanofibers from them is one of the options. Electrospinning [17] of cellulose solution to get regenerated cellulose nanofiber is also reported. 

Domains of Application of Cellulose. Original cellulose is mainly utilized as textile fibers (cotton, flax, hemp, etc.). Their annual production reaches 20 miilion tons. 

The conversion of cellulose into useful products is an illustration of how degradation, fimctionalization, and molecular orientation of a polymer can be applied to commercial advantage. Cellulose is the most common naturally occurring organic polymer. Over a trillion pounds of it are converted annually into paper and other cellulose-based products. 

Natural fats and oils, carbohydrates and proteins are key raw materials for the chemical industry using renewable resources. Although in general biomass is available in large amounts (e.g. cellulose), the annual production volumes of selected bio-based... 

D. is the primary product of plant photosynthesis, with an annual production 200 x lO mt 95% is further metabolized to other carbohydrates (sucrose, starch, cellulose and others) 5%... 

Cellulosics. Rayon and other cellulose products such as cellophane and cellulose ethers (qv) consume 1.9% of U.S. caustic soda demand. Because of competitive products, however, this market has been decreasing since 1965 and forecasted average annual growth through 1992 is less than 0.4% (6) (see Cotton). 

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