Cellulose and Its Esters Except

Cellulose and Its Esters(Except Cellulose Nitrate) Analytical Procedures. Tests for cellulose used in industries other than manuf of expls proplnts are described in Refs 1-6. 

Acetic acid is a key commodity building block [1], Its most important derivative, vinyl acetate monomer, is the largest and fastest growing outlet for acetic acid. It accounts for an estimated 40 % of the total global acetic acid consumption. The majority of the remaining worldwide acetic acid production is used to manufacture other acetate esters (i.e., cellulose acetates from acetic anhydride and ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters) and monoehloroacetic acid. Acetic acid is also used as a solvent in the manufacture of terephthalic acid [2] (cf. Section 2.8.1.2). Since Monsanto commercially introduced the rhodium- catalyzed carbonylation process Monsanto process ) in 1970, over 90 % of all new acetic acid capacity worldwide is produced by this process [2], Currently, more than 50 % of the annual world acetic acid capacity of 7 million metric tons is derived from the methanol carbonylation process [2]. The low-pressure reaction conditions, the high catalyst activity, and exceptional product selectivity are key factors for the success of this process in the acetic acid industry [13]. 

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol [97-99-4] is a colorless liquid with a weak odor that is miscible with water and organic solvents except aliphatic hydrocarbons. It dissolves cellulose nitrate and acetate, chlorinated rubber, shellac, resin esters, and many other binders. 

Diacetone alcohol [123-42-2] (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) is an almost odorless ketone alcohol that is weakly acidic as a result of rearrangement to the enol form. It is miscible with water and organic solvents except aliphatic hydrocarbons. It acts as a good solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, alcohol-soluble resins, castor oil, and plasticizers. Poly(vinyl acetate) and chlorinated rubber are partially dissolved or swollen. Polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), vinyl chloride copolymers, dam-ar resins, resin esters, rubber, bitumen, mineral oils, ketone resins, and maleate resins are insoluble. Diacetone alcohol is used as a high boiler in stoving enamels to improve flow and gloss. 

N.N-Dimethylformamide [68-12-2] (DMF) [14.276] is miscible with water and organic solvents except aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is a good high-boiling solvent for cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, poly(vinyl chloride), vinyl chloride copolymers, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, chlorinated rubber, polyacrylates, ketone resins, and phenolic resins. Alkyd resins and resin esters are partially soluble. Dimethylformamide does not dissolve polyethylene, polypropylene, urea-formaldehyde resins, rubber, and polyamides. It is used as a solvent in printing inks, for polyacrylonitrile spinning solutions [14.277], and as a solvent in the synthesis of acetylene. 

Ethyl lactate is a colorless and olmost odorless liquid, which, upon evaporotion, will sometimes develop a disagreeable odor. This is owing to the iactides, or inner anhydrides, contained in the lactic acid mode by fermentation. It is miscible with water, alcohols, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons and oils. Ethyl lactate will dissolve cellulose acetate ond nitrate ond many of the ethers of Cellulose. It is also a solvent for basic dyes, alkyd resins, kauri, manila, pontionac, rosin, shellac and vinyl resins. Ethyl lactate has high solvent power and equally high tolerance far nonsolvents and diluents. These exceptional properties are accounted for by the existence of both an alcohol and an ester group in its molecule. 

Acetates n. (1) Metallic salts derived from acetic acid by interaction of the metallic oxide, hydroxide, carbonate with the acid, or by the esters derived by interaction of alcohols with acetic acid. Typical metallic salts are lead, cobalt, and manganese acetates. Common esters are ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and amyl acetates. Acetate salts have the formula CH3COOMe, where Me is a monovalent metal. Divalent metals hke lead, etc., obviously combine with two acid radicals. The formula given above for the acetate salts apply also to esters, except that the Me becomes an alkyl radical. (2) It is also used colloquially for cellulose acetate plastics. Goldberg DE (2003) Fundamentals of chemistry. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, New York. Vincenti R (ed) (1994) Elsevier s textile dictionary, 2003. Elsevier Science and Technology Books, Amsterdam. 

Perilla oil p9- ri-l9 (1917) n. A drying oil obtained from the seed of the perilla plants, Perilla ocymoides and Perilla nankinensis, natives of the Orient. Its main constituent acids are linoleic and linolenic, and it has the highest iodine value of all known vegetable oils except chia. It is superior to linseed oil, both from the point of view of drying rate, especially in the form of stand oil, and also of polymerization rate. Sp gr, 0.933-0.937 per 15°C iodine value, 194, saponification value, 192. Paint pigment, drying oils, polymers, resins, naval stores, cellulosics esters, and ink vehicles, vol 3. American Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia, PA, 2001. 

It was logical to suggest that maleated polymers introduced into a polymer matrix filled with cellulose fiber form—at hot melt temperature—covalent ester links between the anhydride groups of the coupling agents and hydroxyl groups on the surface of wood fiber, as they do in model chemical systems. However, studies into the matter have presented no conclusive evidence of such covalent bonds in WPC, except maybe in some isolated cases. 

Benzyl alcohol [100-51-6] is miscible with organic solvents apart from aliphatic hydrocarbons. It dissolves cellulose esters and ethers, fats, oils, alkyd resins, natural and synthetic resins, and colorants. Polymers—with the exception of lower poly(vinyl ethers) and poly(vinyl acetates)—are not dissolved. Small amounts of benzyl alcohol improve the flow and gloss paints, delay the evaporation of other solvent components, and have a plasticizing effect in physically drying paints. It is used in ballpoint pen inks. Benzyl alcohol reduces the viscosity in two-pack epoxy resin systems. 

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