Cell/cellular

Techniques used in bioseparations depend on the nature of the product (i.e., the unique properties and characteristics which provide a handle for the separation), and on its state (i.e., whether soluble or insoluble, intra- or extracellular, etc.). All early isolation and recovery steps remove whole cells, cellular debris, suspended solids, and colloidal particles, concentrate the product, and, in many cases, achieve some degree of purification, all the while maintaining high yield. For intracellular compounds, the initial harvesting of the cells is important... 

INTERACTION OF SHALLOW CELLS CELLULAR DYNAMICS Evolution of Shallow Cells The Role of Codimension Two Bifurcations. The importance of nonlinear interactions between spatially resonant structures is... 

The first study was conducted to determine whether carotenoids and cholesterol share common pathways (transporters) for their intestinal absorption (During et al., 2005). Differentiated Caco-2 cells on membranes were incubated (16 h) with a carotenoid (1 pmol/L) with or without ezetimibe (EZ Zetia, an inhibitor of cholesterol transport), and with or without antibodies against the receptors, cluster determinant 36 (CD36) and scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI). Carotenoid transport in Caco-2 cells (cellular uptake + secretion) was decreased by EZ (lOmg/L) as follows P-C and a-C (50% inhibition) P-cryptoxanthin and LYC (20%) LUT ZEA (1 1) (7%). EZ reduced cholesterol transport by 31%, but not retinol transport. P-Carotene transport was also inhibited by anti-SR-BI, but not by anti-CD36. The inhibitory effects of EZ and anti-SR-BI on P-C transport... 

Manson-Smith, D.F., Bruce, R.G. and Parrot, D.M.V. (1979) Villus atrophy and expulsion of intestinal Trichinella spiralis are mediated by T cells. Cellular Immunology 47, 285-293. 

Figure 10.4 Life and death decisions in cells. Cellular stimulation with tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa) simultaneously activates survival and death signalling pathways. Reprinted with permission from Nature (from Pomerantz and Baltimore, 2000). Copyright (2000) Macmillan Magazines Limited. p50 and p65 are subunits of NFKB...

To be used as delivery carriers for biomolecules, first it is essential to check whether the conjugates can effectively enter cells. Cellular uptake experiments were performed by using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated LDH as a probe. Cells (5 x 105/ 1 ml) were incubated with LDH-FITC and its uptake was measured by flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 13.4, the cellular uptake was time and concentration dependent and... 

Pacifico, F., Montuori, N., Mellone, S., et al. (2003) The RHL-1 subunit of the asialoglycoprotein receptor of thyroid cells cellular localization and its role in thyroglobulin endocytosis. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 208(1-2), 51-59. 

Cytology, that is, the visual inspection of exfoliated cells, is most commonly carried out for smears of cells, which are deposited ( smeared ) directly from brushes, spatulas or other exfoliation devices onto microscope slides. Such smears are unsuitable for spectral analysis, since they contain clumps of cells, cellular debris, erythrocytes and other contamination. However, better methods of cell slide preparations have been introduced into cytology, among them the ThinPrep methods developed by Cytyc, Inc. (see ref. 7), and spin centrifugation deposition techniques. These methods are very good for real exfoliated cell samples,7 since they permit the purification of the cell exfoliate, enrichment in the cells desired for analysis and produce good monolayers for visual cell inspection. 

R6. Reichlin, M., Cellular dysfunction induced by penetration of autoantibodies into living cells Cellular damage and dysfunction mediated by antibodies to dsDNA and ribosomal P proteins. J. Autoimmun. 11, 557-561 (1998). 

The rDNA-derived products may contain potentially harmful contaminants that are normally not present in their equivalents prepared by chemical methods, and which the purification process must be capable of eliminating, such as the endotoxins expressed in bacterial cells, cellular DNA, and viruses of animal origin. Contamination with nucleic acid from transformed mammalian cells is of particular concern due to the possible presence of potentially oncogenic DNA. 

In the usual experimental protocols involving PAF, the objective often is to determine whether PAF is formed under stimulatory conditions or whether it has been metabolized by cells, cellular extracts, or specific enzymes. In most instances, the reactions can be followed only through the use of radiolabeled precursors and certain simple analytical procedures. The methodology to be... 

In this experiment, you will perform a number of in vitro translation reactions. The ribosomes used in this experiment were obtained from wheat germ, a eukaryotic organism. After the material is ground into a fine paste, the mixture is diluted with buffer to extract most of the proteins and other small molecules from the cells. This cellular extract is then subjected to centrifugation at 30,000 x -The insoluble material harvested following this step contains unlysed cells, cellular debris, and intact mitochondria. The supernatant, or S-30 fraction, contains all of the components needed to perform in vitro translation (ribosomes, tRNA, initiation factor, elongation factor, etc.). 

Rapid replacement of fluid loss by drinking water dilutes the ECF, reducing the sodium concentration (hyponatraemia) and haematocrit, which causes a shift of water into the cells. Cellular swelling causes detrimental effects on excitable cells, with symptoms of muscle weakness and disorientation. 

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