Cattle calving

FDA has established an action level of 0.3 ppm for chlorinated hydrocarbons found in the fat of the following food-producing animals adult cattle, calves, swine, sheep, goats, and poultry (HSDB 1990). In 1989, ERA recommended a replacement action level of 0.2 ppm for heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide (ERA 1989b). 

Sulfaquinoxaline 556.685 Sulfaquinoxaline Cattle, calves. Edible tissues - 100... 

Lucker et al. (2004) evaluated the ability of GC-MS using several brain-specific fatty acids to identify and quantify CNS tissue in meat products. The researchers determined specific fatty acid content of brains from cattle, calves, sheep, pigs, turkeys, as well as muscle and adipose tissue. They determined that species and age characterizations could be made based on the concentration of specific fatty acids present in a sample. Sensitivity of GC-MS CNS tissue detection was reported to be 0.01% raw weight, but the practical sensitivity was 0.1-0.5% raw weight CNS due to the fatty acid baseline content in muscle and adipose tissue. 

The arsenic contents in muscle of terrestrial animals (cattle, calves, swine, poultry. 

Lupinus species are acutely toxic to sheeps and chronically toxic to cattle. Calves are bom wi crooked calf disease," whidh is charac-teriiKd by torticoHb, soiliosis, twisted limbs, and deft palate. Cal may be bom alive and survive. 

The more variable responses with growing catde appear to result from lower doses, nutritional constraints, or lesser responsiveness of younger animals, ie, veal calves. A dose-dependent reduction in feed intake in finishing cattle, which also reduced average daily gain, has been observed (84). However, carcass composition was improved in a dose-dependent manner. 

In 1956 selenium was identified (123) as an essential micronutrient iu nutrition. In conjunction with vitamin E, selenium is effective iu the prevention of muscular dystrophy iu animals. Sodium selenite is adrninistered to prevent exudative diathesis iu chicks, a condition iu which fluid leaks out of the tissues white muscle disease iu sheep and infertility iu ewes (see Eeed ADDITIVES). Selenium lessens the iacidence of pneumonia iu lambs and of premature, weak, and stillborn calves controls hepatosis dietetica iu pigs and decreases muscular inflammation iu horses. White muscle disease, widespread iu sheep and cattle of the selenium-deficient areas of New Zealand and the United States, is insignificant iu high selenium soil areas. The supplementation of animal feeds with selenium was approved by the U.S. EDA iu 1974 (see Eeed additives). Much of selenium s metaboHc activity results from its involvement iu the selenoproteia enzyme, glutathione peroxidase. 

As Wilkinson (1984) states, flexibility in grassland management is essential, particularly when young beef cattle are reared at pasture, or when store cattle or suckled calves are finished on grass. The overall goal must be to improve the predictability of beef cattle growth, so that plans made at the outset for the beef system are realistic and are reflected in the actual level of performance. 

Day (1991) cites the case of mastitis in cattle where nosodes, used in preventive programmes, have reduced the incidence of mastitis and have made those cases which do occur easier to clear. Caulophyllum has been used to treat dystokia (calving problems) with success. However, Day (1993) is equally clear as to when a homoeopathic nosode is not advisable. He states that nosodes do exist for the prevention of clostridial diseases in sheep, but they have not been proved to be effective. Some people have used them with apparent success, but there was no evidence as to a significant challenge. 

Hogs 58.1 million Cattle and calves 98.0million Dairy cattle 7.8 million Poultry ... 

Among the studies that have investigated the effect of transport, the prevalence of E. coll 0157 H7 in cattle after transport and outdoor temporary confinement (lairage) did not increase and remained slightly lower than at the farm (Minihan et al., 2003). In a recent report that investigated the effect of transport duration on the prevalence of serotype 0157 in calves that had been fed pasture, Bach et al. (2004) indicated that animals that were transported for approximately 13 hours were more susceptible to infection after arriving... 

Signs and Symptoms Causes enteritis, dysentery, and toxemia in horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Mortality may be high in lambs, calves, pigs, and foals. In birds, typically the only sign is a sudden increase in mortality (<50% ). However, birds with depression, ruffled feathers, and diarrhea may also be seen. Gangrenous dermatitis is characterized by gangrenous necrosis of the skin and a sharp increase in mortality (<60% ). 

Mortality Rate (untreated) <70% (Calves) <10% (Adult cattle) <90% (Lambs less than 1 week) <20% (Adult sheep). 

Calves and young female cattle fed roughage harvested in vicinity of a factory galvanizing steel tubes, and containing 3000-7300 mg Zn/kg DW roughage... 

Famphur use on livestock is contraindicated for less than 3-month-old calves animals stressed from castration, dehorning, or overexcitement and sick or convalescent animals. Brahman and Brahman crossbreeds are less tolerant of cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides than other breeds, and Brahman bulls are especially sensitive and should not be treated with famphur. Cattle should not be slaughtered for at least 35 days after treatment with famphur. 

Famphur was not very effective in the control of ticks. The tropical horse tick (Anocentor nitens) is a species of serious concern to horse breeders and raisers in Florida mainly because it transmits Babesia caballi, the causative agent of equine piroplasmosis. A secondary concern is that heavy tick infestations may cause injury to the ears of the horse (Gladney etal. 1972). Data were unavailable on famphur control of ticks in horses however, famphur was 99.9 to 100% effective in controlling A. nitens in Hereford steers and heifers when fed in the diet at 5 mg/kg BW for 14 to 21 days. Famphur at 2.5 mg/kg BW in cattle diets for 7 days was only partially effective (39 to 87.5%) in controlling horse ticks (Gladney et al. 1972). Famphur — despite multiple treatments — was not effective in controlling cattle ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis) when used as a pour-on at recommended application rates in weaned Hereford calves (Heath et al. 1980). 

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