Grassland management

Frame, J. (1992) Improved Grassland Management. Farming Press, Ipswich. 

As Wilkinson (1984) states, flexibility in grassland management is essential, particularly when young beef cattle are reared at pasture, or when store cattle or suckled calves are finished on grass. The overall goal must be to improve the predictability of beef cattle growth, so that plans made at the outset for the beef system are realistic and are reflected in the actual level of performance. 

Marriott CA, Fothergill E, Jeangros B, Scotton M, Louault F (2004) Long term impacts of extensification of grassland management on biodiversity and productivity in upland areas. Agronomie 24 447462... 

Younie, D., Thamsborg, S.M., Ambrosini, F. and Roderick, S. 2004. Grassland management and parasite control. In Vaarst, M., Roderick, S., Lund, V. and Lockeretz, W. (eds) Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Agriculture. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 309-328. 

Gruber L, Steinwidder A, Stefanon B, Steiner B, Steinwender R. 1999. Influence of grassland management in alpine regions and concentrate level on N excretion and milk yield of dairy cows. Livest Prod Sci 61 155-170. 

Grasslands managed for animal production (e.g., cattle) are much more leaky with respect to loss of added Nr. The addition of fertilizer and/or grazing animals increases the amount of Nr available for loss, especially via the atmosphere (e.g., NH3 (Sommer and Hutchings, 1997) and N2O (Fowler et al., 1997)). Thus, the effective residence times for managed ecosystems are potentially less than those for unmanaged systems. 

Conant, R.T., Paustian, K. and Elliott, E.T. (2001) Grassland management and conversion into grassland effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications 1 1, 343-355. 

Suter M, Luscher A (2008) Occurrence of Senecio aquaticus in relatimi to grassland management. Appl Veg Sci 11 317-324... 

Younie D, Grassland Management for Organic Farmers, The Crowood Press Ltd, 2012. 

Sheldrick R D (ed.), Grassland management in the environmentally sensitive areas . Proceedings Symposium, Lancaster, September 1997. 

Crofts A and Jefferson R G (eds). The Lowland Grassland Management Handbook, English Nature, 1999. 

DairyCo (2012), Grassland Management Improvement Programme, http //www.dairyco. org.uk/technical-mformation/grassland-management/grassplus/. 

Frame J andLaidlawA. S. (2011), Improved Grassland Management, Crowood. 

Bannink, A., M.C.J. Smits, E. Kebreab, J.A.N. Mills, J.L. Ellis, A. Klop, J. France and J. Dijkstra, 2010. Simulating the effects of grassland management and grass ensiling on methane emission from lactating cows. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambr.) 148, 55-72. 

---