Lupinus species

P. F. White, Soil and plant factors relating to the poor growth of Lupinus species on fine-textured alkaline soils. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 4l il (1990). 

Bq /g DW soil. These assumptions allow an estimate for the number of crops necessary to reach the target level. The decrease in Ra is illustrated for the two Lupinus species in Fig. 10, from which the number of years necessary to reduce the amount of Ra at the site can be estimated as 144 for albus and 212 for luteolus. 

Garcia Lopez PM, de la Mora PG Wysocka W, Maiztegui B, Alzugaray ME, Del Zotto H, Borelli MI. (2004) Quinolizidine alkaloids isolated from Lupinus species enhance insulin secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 504 139-142. 

Gramine occurs with several quinolizidine alkaloids, of which eight have been identified, in young plants of Lupinus hartwegii 7 although quinolizidine alkaloids are the typical constituents of Lupinus species, the occurrence of gramine in this genus is not unknown. 

Phomopsin A (83 in Figure 18) was isolated from Phomopsis leptostromiformis as the hepatotoxic metabolite responsible for lupinosis, which is a disease in animals caused by ingestion of Lupinus species infected with the fungus.169 Penicillium species produce other significant mycotoxins such as penitrem A (84), PR toxin (85), and rubratoxin B (86).170 Fusarin C (87) and fusaproliferin (88) are known as mycotoxins produced by Fusarium... 

Swainsonine also stimulates the growth of the roots of Lupinus species [108]. 

Three new tetracyclic lupine alkaloids were isolated from Lupinus species and characterised (-)-13p-hydroxymultiflorine was isolated from seeds of L. varius, and (+)-2P-hydroxyaphylline and (+)-13a-hydroxyaphyllidine from seeds ofZ,. hartwegii. Fig. (37) [225]. 

A/ -alanyl, O-acyl and O-methylzeatin were discovered in Lupinus species [16-18], Fig. (1). Double glycosylated derivatives of cytokinins sucb as zeatin-9-(glucop3nianosyl riboside) were found to be most abundant components of cytokinin pool in mature pine buds [19]. Recently, a barley pathogen Pantoea agglomerans was found to excrete 2-methylthio-A/ -isopentenyladenine and its deoxyriboside, both having cytokinin activity, to the culture medium [20]. 

Not included in the Table are the results of a colossal GC-MS chemotaxonomic survey of the alkaloidal profiles of 56 Lupinus species (embracing 90 subspecies and chemotypes) representing both Old World and New World taxa 337). Of interest in this survey is the finding that bicyclic alkaloids of the lupinine class occurred mainly in Old World species. Genetic evidence has also been obtained for a close relationship between (and probably a common ancestry for) lupines that produce the lupinine complex of metabolites 33S). 

The qualitative and quantitative patterns of alkaloid content in the various organs of Lupinus termis Forsk., one of three Lupinus species indigenous to Egypt, have been studied. The maximum alkaloid content was observed in the seeds of very ripe fruits thirteen weeks after flowering at the same time the alkaloid content of the roots was at its minimum. Thin-layer chromatography provided evidence for the presence of nine alkaloids, of which the major one was identified as (+)-lupanine. A second alkaloid was reported to show the same chromatographic behaviour as 13-hydroxylupanine, but was not positively identified. This work confirms an earlier report d of the presence of these two alkaloids in Lebanese specimens of L. termis. 

The Z-form of lupinine occurs in seeds and herb of Lupinus luteous L., Chenopodiaceae, and other lupinus species. Its clinical applications are very limited. 

Sparteine occnrs in yellow and black lupin beans (Lupinus luteus L. and L. niger). It also occnrs in other Lupinus species as well as in Cytisus and Spartium species. Therapentically, it is used as an oxytocic agent. 

Demmel A, Hupfer C, Ilg Hampe E, Busch U, Engel KH (2008). Development of a real-time PCR for the detection of lupine DNA (Lupinus species) in foods. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56... 

Holden L, Moen LH, Sletten GB, Dooper MM (2007). Novel polyclonal-monoclonal-based ELISA utilized to examine lupine (Lupinus species) content in food products. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55 2536-2542. 

Salmanowicz BP (2000). Capillary electrophoresis of seed 2S albumins from Lupinus species. J. Chromatogr. A, 894 297-310. 

Thermopsine, CiJIioNiO. A second isomer of anagyrine, Z-ther-mopsine (4, 21), is not identical with sophoramine, as indicated by its physical constants and those of its derivatives picrate, m.p. ca. 253° (21, 22) perchlorate, 289° (323) platinichloride, 254-256° hydriodide, 306-308° methiodide, 241-242°. d-Thermopsine has been isolated from one of the Lupinus species by Marion, Turcotte, and Ouellet (310), and has been shown to be identical (315) with the alkaloid hexalupine ... 

C.sHjjNjO, Mr 246.35, mp. 108-109 °C, [a]g -317° (CHgOH). A quinolizidine alkaloid of the sparteine type from some Lupinus species and Cadia ellisiana (Fabaceae). Analogous to lupanine a I3a-hydroxy derivative (C15H22N2O2, Mr 262.35) of M. is also known. It is found in Lupinus albus and L. cosentinii. A depressive activity of M. on the central nervous system has been described. ... 

The isoflavones luteone (86) and wighteone (87) occur on the leaf surfaces of Lupinus species and appear to be preformed antifungal defenses both compounds are fungi-toxic to Helminthosporium carbonum (Harbome, 1986, 1991). 

A number of alkaloids have been demonstrated to act as phytoalexins (Brooks and Watson, 1985). Among these are lupanine in Lupinus species and rutacridone epoxide in Ruta graveolens. 

The aphid Macrosiphon albifrons is attracted to Lupinus species with a characteristic alkaloid pattern. Individuals that had low alkaloid content were not attacked, nor were plants with different quinolizidine alkaloid composition. This aphid excretes a portion of the alkaloids in the honeydew and retains a portion in its body (Wink and Romer, 1986). Another aphid, Aphis cytisorum, which infests broom plants (Cytisus scoparius), accumulates up to 0.5 mg alkaloid per gram fresh weight. The alkaloids are similar in composition to those of the host plant, 17-oxosparteine (25), sparteine (17), 12,13-dehydrosparteine, and lupanine (21) (Wink et al., 1982). 

Bitter lupins are not used as a diet because of their toxicity. However, they may have alternative uses as potential sources of natural insecticides. In a study, quinolizidine alkaloids of three Mexican Lupinus species L. montanus (HBK), L. stipulatus (Agardh), and L. aschenbornii (Schauer), were analyzed by capillary... 

More than 170 alkaloids of the quinolizidine group have been identified in different Lupinus species [7]. They can be divided into different classes in according to their chemical structure sparteine and its derivatives (Fig. 14.2), lupanine and its derivatives... 

Tetracyclic QAs such as sparteine (Fig. 14.2), lupanine, and 13a-hydroxylupanine (Fig. 14.3) are the major alkaloids present in almost all Lupinus species [8, 9]. 

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