Lithium battery cathodes

Skarstad PM (2006) Hybrid cathode lithium batteries for implantable medical applications. J Power Sources 162(2) 837-840. doi 10.1016/j. 

The solid-cathode lithium batteries are generally used in low- to moderate-drain applications and are manufactured mainly in small flat or cylindrical sizes ranging in capacity from 30 mAh to about 5 Ah, depending on the particular electrochemical system. Larger batteries have been produced in cylindrical and prismatic configurations. A comparison of the performance of solid-cathode lithium batteries and conventional batteries is presented in Chap. 7. 

Although a number of different solid-cathode lithium batteries have been developed and even manufactured, more recently the trend is toward reducing the number of different chemistries that are manufactured. The lithium/manganese dioxide (Li/Mn02) battery was one of the first to be used commercially and is still the most popular system. It is relatively inexpensive, has excellent shelf life, good high-rate and low-temperature performance, and is available in coin and cylindrical cells. The lithium/carbon monofiuoride (LijCFj J battery... 

Lithiirm Bromine Trifluoride Batteiy Solid State Secondary Lithium Batteries Secondary Insertion Cathode Lithium Batteries... 

Electronic and Electrical Applications. Sulfolane has been tested quite extensively as the solvent in batteries (qv), particularly for lithium batteries. This is because of its high dielectric constant, low volatUity, exceUent solubilizing characteristics, and aprotic nature. These batteries usuaUy consist of anode, cathode polymeric material, aprotic solvent (sulfolane), and ionizable salt (145—156). Sulfolane has also been patented for use in a wide variety of other electronic and electrical appHcations, eg, as a coil-insulating component, solvent in electronic display devices, as capacitor impregnants, and as a solvent in electroplating baths (157—161). 

Hence, it is mainly solvents of the classes 5-8 that are suitable for lithium batteries, but only under condition that they are electrochemically stable with lithium and cathode materials. A recently reported exception is tt-butylamine [41], a solvent of class 3, because reaction (1) does not take place. 

An inspection of Tables 1 and 2 shows that appropriate solvents for lithium batteries mainly belong to classes 6 and 7 and include cyclic (EC, PC) and open-chain (DMC, MEC, DEC, MPC) esters and ethers (DIOX, DME, THF) as well as inorganic sulfur compounds (S02, SOCl2). These sulfur compounds are mainly used as liquid cathode materials, simultaneously serving as solvents (S02C12, SOCl2) or cosolvents (S02) in primary or secondary lithium batteries. Recent developments of solvents include... 

Wang et al. [96] constructed a Na/S battery with a sodium metal anode, liquid electrolyte, and a sulfur (dispersed in polyacrylonitrile) composite cathode and tested its electrochemical characteristics at room temperature. The charge/discharge curves indicated that sodium could reversibly react with the composite cathode at room temperature. Average charge and discharge voltage was 1.8 and 1.4 V, respectively. Similar to lithium batteries, dendrite formation was noted as a critical problem for these cells. 

Souquet JL, Duclot M (2002) Thin film lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics 148 375-379 Whittingham MS (2004) Lithium batteries and cathode materials. Chem Rev 104 4271-4301... 

Shembel EM, Apostolova RD, Tysyachnyi VP, Kirsanova IV (2005) Thin-layer electrolytic molybdenum oxydisulfides for cathodes of Lithium batteries. Russ J Electrochem 41 1305-1315... 

The electrochemical intercalation/insertion is not a special property of graphite. It is apparent also with many other host/guest pairs, provided that the host lattice is a thermodynamically or kinetically stable system of interconnected vacant lattice sites for transport and location of guest species. Particularly useful are host lattices of inorganic oxides and sulphides with layer or chain-type structures. Figure 5.30 presents an example of the cathodic insertion of Li+ into the TiS2 host lattice, which is practically important in lithium batteries. 

Carbon-coating is an effective way to improve the performance of electrode materials for lithium batteries, particularly with graphites [11-14], It is also known to aid in the surface conductivity for LiFeP04 as a cathode material [27], There are many ways to coat powders with carbon, but in this study, we have chosen to decompose a hydrocarbon vapor of propylene in a nitrogen carrier gas at a moderate temperature of 700 °C. Criteria for using this process include a material that is stable at this temperature and under a reducing environment. 

As presented by this paper, our aim was to describe some preliminary results demonstrating that amorphous manganese-oxide-based materials synthesised by means of precipitation technique from aqueous solutions could serve as effective cathodes in lithium batteries. 

Im, D., Manthiram, A., Amorphous Manganese Oxide Cathodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries, Ceramic Trans., 127, 205 (2002). 

Chitra, S., Kalyani, P., Vebka, B., Mohan, T., Haro-Poniatowski, E., Gangadharan, R., Julien, C., Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of LiNiVCL cathode material in rechargeable lithium batteries, Mater. Chem. Phys. 65, 32-37 (2000). 

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