Catalytic cracking catalyst

In addition, salts deactivate reforming and catalytic cracking catalysts. 

Catalytic Cracking Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics, Bohdan W. 

Detergent manufacturing Catalytic cracking and hydrocracking Xylene isomerization, benzene alkylation, catalytic cracking, catalyst dewaxing, and methanol conversion. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

T. H. Tsai, J. W. Lane, and C. S. Lin Temperature-Programmed Reduction for Solid Materials Characterization, Alan Jones and Brian McNichol Catalytic Cracking Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics,... 

For the purposes of this illustrative example, we wish to calculate the combined and effective diffusivities of cumene in a mixture of benzene and cumene at 1 atm total pressure and 510 °C within the pores of a typical TCC (Thermofor Catalytic Cracking) catalyst bead. For our present purposes, the approximation to the combined diffusivity given by equation 12.2.8 will be sufficient because we will see that the Knudsen diffusion term is the dominant factor in determining the combined diffusivity. 

Wojciechowski, B.W., and Corma, A., Catalytic Cracking—Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986, p. 5. 

Bayraktar, O., and Kugler, E. Characterization of Coke on Equilibrium Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts by Temperature-Programmed Oxidation. Applied Catalysis A General 233 (2002) 197-213. 

The major contaminating metals found on catalytic cracking catalyst are vanadium, nickel, copper, chromium, and iron. Small amounts of these metals are present in the crude petroleum and, except for some of the iron, all are in the form of metal-organic compounds. Some of these compounds are volatile and when the vacuum gas oil feed to the catalytic cracking units is prepared, they appear in the gas oil. A fraction of the iron, and probably chromium, found on the catalyst is the result of erosion and corrosion either in the lines or in the equipment. 

Fuels. Catalytic Cracking Catalysts are used lo refined a moderately heavy crude oil fraction known as gas oil to gasoline. The net result of the process is a lighter product with a high content of branched-chain and aromatic hydrocarbons, the species responsible for raising gasoline octane levels. The transformations are complex, hut can be considered lo involve ihe following major acid-catalyzed reactions ... 

Catalytic cracking processes evolved in the 1930s from research on petroleum and coal liquids. The petroleum work came to fruition with the invention of acid cracking. The work to produce liquid fuels from coal, most notably in Germany, resulted in metal sulfide hydrogenation catalysts. In the 1930, a catalytic cracking catalyst for petroleum that used solid acids as catalysts was developed using acid-treated clays. 

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