Casualties defined

Threat assessment has been used as a starting point to define the requirements for a passive defence system. In the past, such requirements were determined on a more or less ad hoc basis. At the TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory we have started a scenario-based systemic approach to model the complete chain of passive defence measures, in order to derive challenge levels and casualty levels. This enables us to study the effects of passive defence requirements upon these levels, thus improving the selection process. 

The topics contained in the book fall squarely within the realm of Combat Casualty Care, one of the pillars or mission areas for Army medical research. Specifically, the book deals with Far Forward Resuscitation, prevention and management of blood loss, wound dressing, prevention of infection, and prevention of adverse tissue responses and impaired healing. These aspects of treatment are critical to prevent death, treatment complications, and disability. They are the important aspects of early interventions in the battle area or during medical evacuation. Information covering so many aspects of this type of care are not usually found in a single source. This book will compile a large amount of important information that is current and state of the art. It will help to define the Standard of Care. 

This data instrument developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will help health departments and other decision makers collect core data useful for investigating the number, type, timing, and severity of injuries associated with a mass casualty event. The instrument was adapted from a tool initially used to collect information about injuries among survivors of the World Hade Center bombing. Its contents or format can be modified to accommodate the circumstances of a particular mass casualty event. Each data element is defined in the Explanatory Notes so that a local or state health department can quickly train and dispatch workers to collect comparable injury data from area hospitals or where other casualties are treated. These data can then be provided to decision makers to help guide public health responses to the mass casualty event or provide the basis for more in-depth investigations. 

Mass Burn Casualty Disaster. This is defined as any... 

If CB agents fall within the rubric of WMD, then we are looking at acts of violence that involve large numbers of casualties. But what defines a large number of casualties (including dead and wounded) Do we mean dozens, hundreds, or thousands ... 

Define and distinguish the terms disaster and mass casualty incident (MCI) in relation to other major incidents or emergency situations. 

It is interesting that Eq. (4.98), p. 97, offers a discrete-state partition function for the description of the inner-sphere contribution to the thermodynamics. But the discrete coordinate is an occupation number for a precisely defined configurational region, and parameters required for this discrete-state partition function are obtained by molecular-level calculations. Therefore, molecular realism isn t the first casualty of these theories, although strong approximations are typically accumulated after the formulation of quasi-chemical theories. 

The calomel controversy was the cathartic climax to allopathic/ sectarian contentions during the Civil War. Although the allopaths held the upper hand throughout the conflict, the one casualty of this professional rivalry was one of their own William A. Hammond. Hammond had seriously miscalculated the lengths to which allopaths would defend their therapeutic faith, especially when it represented agents that so clearly defined their professional practice. It cost him his job, and it cost the Union Medical Department an able and progressive administrator. 

Before examining lhe.se casualty records, it might be well to define what is meant by the expression casualty The X>pidar idea of a war... 

Terrorists can choose from countless biological agents and the list can seem overwhelming. However, to best protect our patients and their families, primary care clinicians should focus their attention on the agents that terrorists are most likely to use and that have the greatest potential for mass casualties. The CDC has defined three categories of agents, A, B, and C with potential as weapons, based on several criteria (1) (see Table 2.2) ... 

To begin with, let me define my terms. From the military point of view, the term chemical weapons includes not only the well-known war gases as they are commonly called, but also the use of flame and smoke on the battlefield. I shall confine myself entirely to the war gases. This term in itself is inaccurate, as many of the chemical compounds concerned are not gases but rather liquids or even solids under ordinary conditions. However, the term has the sanction of established usage everyone knows what it means. It refers simply to the large-scale use of chemicals on the battlefield for their direct casualty-producing effect on the individual soldier after they have come in contact with his skin or been absorbed into his body. 

No data from wartime use however, on 20 March 1995, using a primitive method of dispersal, sarin was released on Tokyo subways with 5,500 people seeking medical care approximately 1500 had defined symptoms of exposure, and 12 casualties died. Less well known is the fact that on June 27, 1999, sarin was released in Matsumoto, Japan, widi estimates of 471 subjects exposed to sarin and 7 deaths. 

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