Case Narrative

Just as we introduced a narrative-style template for defining use cases, it is also useful to incorporate exceptions into use case narratives. 

Data evaluation process starts with a review of the Case Narrative prepared by the... 

The surrogate standard recoveries for some samples may be outside the control limits due to sample dilutions or matrix interferences. Such samples are usually clearly identified in the Case Narrative or in the laboratory reports, and their data are not qualified. For example, if a surrogate standard recovery is below 10 percent due to dilution, the result will not be rejected and will not be qualified as an estimated value. The chemist, however, may request from the laboratory the raw data for this sample in order to verify whether the dilution was justified and the interferences were truly present. 

A well-prepared Case Narrative will instantly alert the chemist to deficiencies in sample... 

A Safety Case is a narrative that literally makes the case that an adequate level of safety has been reached for an installation. It requires looking at all potential hazards which could lead to a loss of the installation, a loss of life, or a major pollution event. A risk analysis is performed on each hazard evaluating the probability of the event occurring and describing the magnitude of the consequences. A discussion is then given of the measure undertaken to lower the probability of occurrence or to mitigate the consequences and a case is made that the risk for the installation meets the ALARP safety criteria. 

Data gathered in the lessons were used to produce case studies for each of the groups of students because such case studies yield rich descriptions of events that are presented in a chronological narrative that incorporates the researcher s observations. Due to the possible inclusion of such an interpretation of the data, case studies go beyond simple descriptions of the situation and support the analysis of the phenomenon being studied (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2000). In order to discuss the research questions, we browsed the original case studies to identify evidence of how the students dealt with the levels of representation. Whenever it is appropriate, such evidence is included in the later sections of this chapter. 

The E3 describes in detail what reporting goes into a clinical study report for an FDA submission. This guidance is of major importance, as you are often required to generate tables, figures, case report tabulations, and perhaps clinical narrative support for the clinical study report. 

Feldhay, Rivka. Narrative constraints on historical writing The case of the Scientific Revolution. Sci Context 1 (1994) 7-24. 

A final observation is in order the quantitative application of the equilibrium thermodynamical formalism to living systems and especially to ecosystems is generally inadequate since they are complex in their organisation, involving many interactions and feedback loops, several hierarchical levels may have to be considered, and the sources and types of energy involved can be multiple. Furthermore, they are out-of-equilibrium open flow systems and need to be maintained in such condition since equilibrium is death. Leaving aside very simple cases, in the present state of the art we are, therefore, limited to general semiquantitative statements or descriptions (e.g. ecosystem narratives ). 

As noted in Table I, average surface radium concentrations appear to vary by about a factor of 20. This can also be seen from the distributions from the NARR data. Soil permeabilities, on the other hand, have much larger variations, and thus, in principle, may have a greater influence on the spatial variations in average indoor radon concentrations that have been observed. As with the case of surface radium concentrations, the spatial variability of air permeabilities of soils is an important element in developing a predictive capability. 

In the rest of this book we will sometimes explicitly show the informal use case template equivalent of a specification. However, the joint action form can always be represented in the narrative use case template. 

Similarly, as part of the use case documentation it is useful to document those sequences that might give rise to an exception. The mapping from the formal refinement description (such as a state chart) to this narrative is straightforward ... 

Therefore, don t attempt to finish one before proceeding to the next and don t insist on doing them in one order or the other (though most people start with use-cases). Specifically, do not generate many detailed narrative use cases without iterating through a precise modehng cycle. 

Scenarios. Construct scenarios and storyboards of the projected use of the system, starting from a known initial state. Pay particular attention to cases where the system s dealings with one object affect those with another, and cover interleavings of these in a scenario. Create interaction diagrams for the scenarios, combining scenario narrative with the diagrams the interaction diagrams can depict directed arrows or joint action... 

Note that these narratives about hazards refer, in each case, to only one of several manifestations of toxicity, and that a thorough statement would have to supply similar information regarding the evidence for every type of toxicity that has been related to the chemical. Often, the information is organized by exposure duration duration of exposure may affect toxic outcome. 

The case studies essentially fulfilled three functions in the SubChem project. Firstly, they served as a source of realisation secondly as the background and illustration of hypotheses and type characterisation/modelling of innovation systems and thirdly, for legibility to incorporate our results in narratives about substances . The study proceeded on the basis of document analyses and collaboration with several practice partners in each instance. The cases were selected so that they covered as wide a spectmm of substitution conditions and product types as possible (cf Table 1). In this way the cases covered the following ... 

Excerpt 12X uses lists to delineate both the gap (the experimental challenge) and fill-the-gap statements (facing the challenge) excerpts 12Y-12AAuse narrative form. In each case, the depiction of the work following the fill-the-gap statement is brief, laying the groundwork for a more detailed description of the proposed work. 

The assessment endpoint should be not only measurable (at least potentially) but also modelable. Defining a modelable endpoint is likely to require close discussion between an assessor (who knows what they can model) and a risk manager (who knows what they want to protect). Sometimes the assessment endpoint is only indirectly related to the management goal, for example, if the assessment endpoint is a risk to individuals, but the aim is to protect population sustainability. In such cases, qualitative inference will be required to interpret the assessment result. This inference will need to be done jointly by the risk assessor and risk manager. It is likely to involve substantial uncertainty, which will have to be taken into account qualitatively when producing a narrative description of the assessment outcome. This step should be identified as part of the conceptual model. 

As you will see in reading Mike s and Emily s accounts to follow, questions about authenticity of self do not dominate drug narratives when the medications fail altogether or succeed completely. In cases like Rachel s—... 

In this chapter we have heard different accounts of the ways psychotropic drugs affect users senses of themselves. In some cases medication allowed people to realize their authentic selves or to function at a higher level. In this sense their narratives are success stories, even miracles. In other cases, by contrast, people described psychiatric drugs as masking or even devastating their authentic selves. As a result they were typically resistant to or ambivalent about medication. 

Viewed collectively, the preceding chapters clearly pertain to a familiar literary genre called scholarship. Due however to certain conditions unique to this particular investigation, here specifically treated as a case, another familiar literary staple necessarily informs the operations of this narrative, the detective story. As we should all know, the basic trinity of all serious police investigation comprises the following elements 1) the perpetrators confessions, 2) corroborating statements by witnesses, and, most reliable, 3)... 

Laurinda Dixon, Perilous Chastity Women and Illness in Pre-Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Ithaca, NY, 1995) King, Hippocrates Woman, ch. lo Nancy Siraisi, Girolamo Cardano and the Art of Medical Narrative , Journal of the History of Ideas, 52 (1991), 581-602. On medical cases in a legal context see esp. Pomata, Contractinga Cure. 

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