Case item expression

In a casez statement, the value z is considered as a don t-care when it appears in a case item expression. The character can also be used alternatively for the character z. Values z and x are not allowed in a case expression. Additionally, value x cannot appear in a case item expression. Here is an example of a casez statement. 

In a casex statement, the values x and z ( for a z is ok too) in a case item expression are considered as don t-care values. These values, for synthesis purposes, cannot appear as part of the case expression. Here is an example of a casex statement used to model a priority encoder. 

The first branch that has a case item whose value matches the value of the case expression is selected. A case item may be a constant or a variable. 

A case statement behaves like a nested if statement, that is, the value of the case expression (Op) is checked with the first case item (ADD), if it does not match, the second case item (SUB) is checked and so on. The equivalent i f statement for the above case statement is shown next. 

In the previous section, we saw that a latch may be inferred for a variable that is not assigned a value for all possible values of a case expression. Sometimes it is the case that the designer does not expect the case expression to have any value other than those listed in the case items. Here is an example. 

Verilog HDL semantics of a case statement specifies a priority order in which a case branch is selected. The case expression is checked with the first case item, if it is not the same, the next case item is checked, if not the same, the next case item is checked, and so on. A priority order of case item checking is implied by the case statement. Additionally, in Verilog HDL, it is possible for two or more case item values to be the same or there may be overlapping case item values such as in casex and casez statements however, because of the priority order, only the first one in the listed sequence of case items is selected. 

What if the designer knows that all case item values are mutually exclusive In such a case, a decoder can be synthesized for a case statement control (the case expression is checked for all possible values of the case item values in parallel) instead of the priority logic (which could potentially be nested deep depending on the number of branches in the case statement). 

In Verilog HDL, it is possible to have a non-constant expression as a case item. This is shown in the following example of a priority encoder. 

Consider the above result for the case of N2 = 0, that is, for pure solvent The expression in item (6) is proportional to the entropy of the pure solvent Si = 0. 

Exponential cost correlations have been developed for individual items of equipment. Care must be taken in determining whether the cost of the eqmpment has been expressed as free on Board (FOB), delivered (DEL), or installed (INST), as this is not always clearly stated. In many cases the cost must be correlated in terms of parameters related to capacity such as surface area for heat exchangers or power for grinding equipment. There are four main sources of error in such cost correlations ... 

Eigenvalues of the operator Qr are real while the largest of them, Af, equals unity by definition. As a result, in the limit n-> oo all items in the sum (Eq. 38), excluding the first one, Q Q f = Xr/Xfh will vanish. In this case, chemical correlators will decay exponentially along the chain on the scale n 1/ In AAt values n < n the law of the decay of these correlators differs, however, from the exponential one even for binary copolymers. This obviously testifies to non-Markovian statistics of the sequence distribution in molecules (see expression Eq. 11). The closer is to unity, the greater are the values of n. The situation when n 1 corresponds to proteinlike copolymers. 

The expression "Not Pertinent means that the data item either has no real meaning (such as the flash point of a inflammable chemical) or is not required for assessing a hazardous situation. The expression "Data Not Available" means that the information sought was not found in the general data sources consulted during the preparation of this handbook. In a few cases where important data were not available, values were estimated by usually reliable procedures all such values are labeled "(est.) . If more accurate values for those items are found, they will be included in later revisions. 

In any case, it is necessary to treat lack of consciousness as a special kind of functional insulation. This too is easily seen. It was pointed out earlier that will often be unaware of the operation of the wish that it should believe p. It will also often be unaware of the existence of the belief that q in the repertoire of the person as a whole. We may express these points by saying that these items often produce no representations of themselves in O. It is immediately obvious that we can, and should, ask which elements produce representations of themselves in S. For example, in a sustained piece of self-deception S would need information about the progress of its campaign and this information may be regarded as a set of representations in S of elements in O. The point has been made before, but it needs emphasizing because we are so susceptible to the mistaken assumption that information implies consciousness. 

Making use of the formulas presented in this section we are in a position to write the expression for the energy of the electrostatic interaction between any number of shells. In this case only a number of terms items increase in the corresponding formulas. However, we have to notice that these terms must be diagonal with respect to the quantum numbers of those shells on which they do not act. Let us also recall that in all formulas containing at least one almost filled shell, it is meant that the seniority quantum number v is excluded from a. This is necessary for the reconciliation of phase conditions between the corresponding quantities. 

The extent of contact is also important and it can be expressed as the ratio of food weight to contact area. An example is the situation where a film is used to pack a solid food like potato crisps which make only point-contact with a limited area of the film. Clearly, in this case the potential for migration is less than if the same film was used in more intimate contact with a food - for example if it were used to vacuum-pack a food item. Even if the food contact is intimate with a liquid or semi-solid food, there can still be large differences in the food mass to contact area ratio. Common examples would be an individual portion pack of margarine or butter (say, 7 g in contact with 28 cm2, or 4000 cm2/kg) compared with a catering pack of the margarine or butter (say, 2 kg in contact with... 

The parameters a = l/rij5 the number of which equals m(m — IX are reciprocal reactivity ratios (2.8) of binary copolymers. Markov chain theory allows one, without any trouble, to calculate at any m, all the necessary statistical characteristics of the copolymers, which are formed at given composition x of the monomer feed mixture. For instance, the instantaneous composition of the multicomponent copolymer is still determined by means of formulae (3.7) and (3.8), the sums which now contain m items. In the general case the problems of the calculation of the instantaneous values of sequence distribution and composition distribution of the Markov multicomponent copolymers were also solved [53, 6]. The availability of the simple algebraic expressions puts in question the expediency of the application of the Monte-Carlo method, which was used in the case of terpolymerization [85,99-103], for the calculations of the above statistical characteristics. Actually, the probability of any sequence MjMjWk. .. Mrl 4s of consecutive monomer units, selected randomly from a polymer chain is calculated by means of the elementary formula ... 

Exercises. The initial lesson concludes with two exercises. The first one presents a series of simple stories and requests the student to identify the situation expressed in each one by selecting one of the situation names from a menu (see Figure 5.1). The basic form of this exercise is used often in SPS. It consists of a three-part window. The top portion is reserved for SPS instructions or comments to the student. For instance, feedback about the student s response appears here. The middle portion contains the current item to which the student will respond, and the lowermost portion is the area in which the student s response will occur. In this case, the... 

Before discussing the fundamental ethical responsihiUties of engineers, items critical to exploring the ethical issues raised in the cases of Chapter 4, I will first make clear what I mean by a key expression used frequently in this book an ethical issue. ... 

I begin with a list of specific ethical issues raised in each of the case studies. Each item on the list begins with a short italicized expression intended to convey the essence of the ethical issue. That is followed, after the colon, by a more detailed characterization of that issue. ... 

The Watt Co mmittee would also like to express its appreciation of the efforts of the Working Group members who put a lot of hard work into the study. Members sometimes had to accept controversial decisions on the acceptability of items of material or the way it was presented and this they did with good humour. All the members of the Group have been able to comment on and, in some cases, correct the texts prepared by the others, although as Chairman of the Group I have had the final say. 

Finally, it must be noted that the case at hand is one of degenerate branching, i.e., the explosion is degenerate — it does not take place. If formaldehyde kept on accumulating at an exponential rate, explosion would of course occur soon after the induction period was over. But, as is already known, formaldehyde will in turn react, its concentration reaches a maximum and with it, the rate will also reach a maximum value. The maximum rate of reaction is a very important kinetic item and a rate expression for it can be found easily. Experimentally, the maximum rate is relatively easy to determine and its value can be compared to that predicted by the rate expression. 

In a multi-unit auction there is a set of K indivisible and homogeneous items, and agents have valuations, Vi m), for m > 0 units of the item. This is a special-case of the combinatorial auction problem, in which the items are identical. Useful auction designs for this problem do not simply introduce an identifier for each item and use combinatorial auctions. Rather, a useful auction allows agents to submit bids and receive price feedback expressed in terms of the quantity of units of the item. 

In the case of polymer adsorption, all three of the above items have potential relevance items (b) and (c) would assume special importance in the case of hydrophobic or hydrophobically modified polymers. In addition, a factor of unique significance in the case of polymers is that even small energies of interfacial attraction, when expressed per monomer group, can become appreciable when summed up for the polymer molecule as a whole smaller forces, such as dipole/dipole, which may be only of the order of 1 kT, become a substantial nkT when expressed for an n-mer. This is one of the reasons that the adsorption of polymer tends to be irreversible, as indicated in Chapter 2, and desorption is kinetically unfavorable. Also, put simplistically, a segment such as a endeavoring to desorb is restrained by segments b, c, d, etc., already adsorbed (Fig. 1). 

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