Carthage

Catapult and mechanical crossbow (ballista) invented at Syracuse and used against Carthage. 

Fluidized Catalyst Reactor. Two systems have been proposed, based on large scale operation of the Fischer-Tropsch process (to produce liquid hydrocarbons) at SASOL and at Carthage Hydrocol. The SASOL system was designed by M. W. Kellogg and has been operating for about 20 years (57, 58, 59, 60). 

The Carthage Hydrocol system was designed by Hydrocarbon Research it operated about 10 years before it was shut down in 1957. The... 

Farquar, R. M. and V. Vitali (1989), Lead isotope measurements and their application to Roman artifacts from Carthage, Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology Papers in Science and Archaeology, Vol. 6, pp. 39-45. 

After the Second World War a gas-to-liquids facility that employed an iron-based high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (Fe-HTFT) process was constructed at Brownsville, Texas. The technology was developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc.,20 and the commercial facility was operated by the Carthage Hydrocol Company. The Hydrocol plant was in commercial operation during the period 1951-1957, and it was shut down mainly for economic reasons (the oil price was around US 2 per barrel at that time). 

Beck, C.W., Stewart, D.R. and Stout, E.C. (1994). Analysis of naval stores from the Late Roman ship. In Deep Water Archaeology a Late Roman Ship from Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily, ed. McCann, A.M. and Freed, J., Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series No. 13, Michigan, Ann Arbor, pp. 109-121. 

As of this writing, there is only one commercial manufacturer of dynamite in the United States, Dyno Nobel (Carthage, MO). For most commercial purposes, dynamites have now been replaced by AN-based formulations, which offer a better combination of performance, safety, and cost. 

Carthage, Mo — Dynamite, water gel Donora, Pa — Ammonium nitrate, nitric acid Hercules, Cal - N204 nitric acid, ammonium nitrate... 

Mommsen, T. 1894. History of Rome, from the Union of Italy to the Subjugation of Carthage and the Greek States. Dickson, London. 

Lead Isotope Analysis of Roman Carthage Curse... 

Lead curse tablets from Roman Carthage contain variable amounts of very small metallic inclusions. Electron microprobe analysis confirmed these metallic inclusions were bronze, brass, and a Sn-Sb alloy. This was interpreted as possible evidence of lead metal recycling. Six samples were chosen to represent a range of tablets containing the minimum to the maximum number of inclusions. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry of the Pb isotopes in the curse tablets appear to define a mixing line, with the tablets containing the least number of inclusions plotting closest to the Tunisian lead ore isotope ratios. 

A.D. were found in old mines, and sizable slag deposits suggest at least some level of lead exploitation during Roman times (2). By the careful selection of Roman lead artifacts likely to have been manufactured in Carthage, and the use of lead isotope analysis, it may be possible to confirm the use of Tunisian lead ores during the Roman period. In this preliminary study, analysis of 22 curse tablets by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and six tablets by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) suggest that these artifacts might be used to better understand Roman lead use and trade. 

Africa. See Botswana prehistoric mines Curse tablets from Roman Carthage... 

Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) Roman Carthage curse tablet analysis, 315,317-325/ theory and application, 261,263... 

Indian hemp [N.A. plant] fibers, charred and uncharred, 61-64/ Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ICP-OES chemical analyses, Philistine potteiy, 402-411 correlation to LA-ICP-MS elemental analysis, Matisse bronze sculptures, 343-346 Olivella biplicata shell compositional chemistry, geographic patterning, 170-180 prehistoric textiles, 29,35 Roman Carthage curse tablets, 319, 332,333/... 

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