Analysis lead isotopic

Trace-element analysis of metals can give indications of the geographic provenance of the material. Both emission spectroscopy (84) and activation analysis (85) have been used for this purpose. Another tool in provenance studies is the measurement of relative abundances of the lead isotopes (86,87). This technique is not restricted to metals, but can be used on any material that contains lead. Finally, for an object cast around a ceramic core, a sample of the core material can be used for thermoluminescence dating. 

James WD, Boothe PN, Presley BJ (1998) Compton suppression garmna-spectroscopy in the analysis of radium and lead isotopes in ocean sediments. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 236 261-265 Jarvis KE, Gray AL, Houk RS (1992) Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Blackie, Glasgow... 

Gale, N. and Z. Stos-Gale (2000), Lead isotope analysis applied to provenance studies, in Ciliberto, E. and G. Spoto (eds.), Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, Chemical Analysis Series, Vol. 155, Wiley, New York, pp. 503-584. 

Shortland, A. (2006). Application of lead isotope analysis to a wide range of late bronze age Egyptian materials, Archaeometry 48, 657-669. 

Stos-Gale, Z. A. (1989), Lead isotope studies, in Henderson, J. (ed.), Scientific Analysis in Archaeology, Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 19, Oxford, UK, pp. 274-301. 

Although the technique of lead isotope analysis for archaeological provenancing has been in use for more than 40 years, it is only in the past 15 years or so that some of the fundamental assumptions have been seriously reconsidered. The major areas that have been questioned can be classified under three headings ... 

Al-Saad, Z. (2000). Technology and provenance of a collection of Islamic copper-based objects as found by chemical and lead isotope analysis. 

Budd, P., Pollard, A.M., Scaife, B. and Thomas, R.G. (1995d). Lead isotope analysis and oxhide ingots a final comment. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8 70-75. 

Ponting, M., Evans, J.A and Pashley, V. (2003). Fingerprinting of Roman mints using laser-ablation MC-ICP-MS lead isotope analysis. Archaeometry 45 591-597. 

Rohl, B. and Needham, S. (1998). The Circulation of Metal in the British Bronze Age The Application of Lead Isotope Analysis. Occasional Paper 102, British Museum, London. 

Scaife, B. (1993). Lead Isotope Analysis and Archaeological Provenancing. Unpublished B.Sc. dissertation, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford. 

Scaife, B., Budd, P., McDonnell, J.G., Pollard, A.M. and Thomas, R.G. (1996). A new statistical technique for interpreting lead isotope analysis data. In Archaeometry 94. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, ed. Demirci, ., Ozer, A.M. and Summers, G.D., Tubitak, Ankara, pp. 301-307. 

Srinivasan, S. (1999). Lead isotope and trace element analysis in the study of over a hundred South Indian metal icons. Archaeometry 41 91-116. 

Wiedmeyer (1998). One method of testing for interference is to examine the survey data. In this type of analysis a large number of points are recorded across the mass range, rather than a single measurement taken at a particular mass number for each element. Figure 9.5 shows survey data (dashed line) for masses 203 to 210 on a sample believed to contain lead. The natural lead isotopic abundance is superimposed, shown by filled columns. The proximity of the survey data to the actual abundance of lead indicates that lead is present, and that no interfering elements are present. In this case, a single measurement at mass 208 (which is used for most analyses of lead) is sufficient to quantify lead in the sample. 

Kuleff, I., Djingova, R., Alexandrova, A., Yakova, V., and Amov, B. (1995). INAA, AAS and lead isotope analysis of ancient lead anchors from the Black Sea. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 196 65-76. 

Figure 4.13 Principal component analysis of the mean isotopic data for oceanic islands (courtesy of Vincent Salters). In the top left corner, the plane of the first two components (the Mantle Plane of Zindler et al, 1982) explains 93 percent of the variance. Component 1 is dominated by lead isotopes, component 2 by Sr and Nd isotopes. Other components are plotted for reference. In the top right corner, the Mantle Plane is viewed sideways along the direction of the second component, so the distance of each point to the plane can be easily seen. In the bottom left corner, it is viewed along the axis of the first component. The bottom right corner shows how little variance is left with components 3 and 4.

Carlson RW, Hauri EH (2001) Extending the ° Pd- ° Ag chronometer to low Pd/Ag meteorites with multicollector plasma-ionization mass spectrometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65 1839-1848 Clayton, RN, Onuma N, Mayeda TK (1976) Distribution of the presolar component in Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 30 10-18 Compston W, Oversby VM (1969) Lead isotopic analysis using a double spike. J Geophys Res 74 4338-4348 Criss RE (1999) Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution. University Press, Oxford... 

Gale NH (1970) A solution in closed form for lead isotopic analysis using a double spike. Chem Geol 6 305-310... 

De Muynck, David, Christophe Cloquet, Elisabeth Smits, Frederik A. de Wolff, Ghylaine Quitte, Luc Moens, and Frank Vanhaecke. Lead Isotopic Analysis of Infant Bone Tissue Dating from the Roman Era Via Multicollector ICP-Mass Spectrometry. Analytical and Bioana-lytical Chemistry 390 (2008) 477-486. The researchers used isotope analysis to show that high concentrations of lead in the bones of Roman infants probably did not come from the soil or other objects in the graves. 

Todt, W., Cliff, R.A., Hanser, A. and Hofmann, A.W., 1996. Evaluation of a Pb- Pb double spike for high-precision lead isotope analysis. In A.R. Basu, Hart, S. R. (Editor), Earth processes reading the isotopic code. Geophysical Monograph Am. Geophys. Union, pp. 429-437. 

---