Carrots composition

Singh, G., Kawatra, A., and Sehgal, S., Nutritional composition of selected green leafy vegetables, herbs and carrots. Plant Foods Human Nutr., 56, 359, 2001. 

The comparison of the light effect on carotenoids in foods is very difficult to carry out because different foods with different isomer compositions are employed at the beginnings of experiments. The presence of large molecules offers some photoprotection to carotenoids in food systems, either by complexation with proteins as found in carrots or acting as a filter to reduce the light incidence. Different storage conditions are often found because different light intensities are used or sometimes they are not even reported and experiments are carried out under air, N2, or in a vacuum. 

The structural features of ceU wall polysaccharides of carrots have been studied by Stevens and Selvendran (1984) and Massiot et al.(1988). Plat et al.(1991), Ben Shalom et al.(1992) and Massiot et al.(1992) investigated the changes in pectic substances of carrots after blanching, dehydration and extended heat treatment. Data on the changes in ceU waU polysaccharides of canned carrots are lacking. This study aims to investigate the effect of preheating time at low temperature and the addition of CaCL on texture and on the composition of various pectin fractions of carrots canned by conventional and by a new process. 

Figure 6. Sugar composition of alcohol insoluble solids of carrots canned by conventional and by a new process in the presence of CaCh...

There is little toxicological data available for extracts of carrots, alfalfa, com oil, palm oil, tomatoes, etc. The JECFA had no objections to their use as food colorants provided that the levels of use did not exceed that normally present in vegetables. A number of toxicity experiments were conducted on Dimaliella algae in view of its increasing importance in the health food area. Twelve studies on D. salina indicated no problems. ( is beta-carotene was absorbed to a lesser extent than trans beta-carotene. Furahashi suggested a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of 2.5 g kg/day for extracts from D. Hardawil 2 The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives of the World Health Organization/United Nations (JECFA) did not establish an NOEL or an ADI because of the variation in the composition of the products. 

DC046 Kolattukudy, P. E., K. Kronman, and A. ]. Poulose. Determination of structure and composition of suberin from the roots of carrot, parsnip, rutabaga, turnip, red beet and sweet potato by combined gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plant Physiol 1975 55 567. 

DC050 Sakamoto, Y. Compositions containing parsley and carrot extracts and vegetable oils for controlling bad breath. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokyo Koho-09-59,138 1997 4 pp. 

DC146 Cu, ]. Q., F. Perineau, M. Dealmas, and A. Gaset. Gomparison of the chemical composition of carrot seed essential oil DG157 extracted by different solvents. Flavour Fragrance J 1989 4(4) 225-231. 

Carrot seed oil is used in the alcoholic beverage industry, in food flavors, and in perfume compositions. FCT 1976 (14) p.705 [8015-88-1], [84929-61-3]. 

Calcium hydroxide is an excellent adsorbent for resolving carotenoid cis-trans isomers compared with alumina, it is less retentive and less sensitive to temperature and moisture content of the mobile phase. However, calcium hydroxide columns are not commercially available, and separations using them can be difficult to reproduce, owing to extreme sensitivities to mobile-phase composition and temperature. Nine cis-/3-carotenes were characterized from a chromatogram of 18 peaks after isocratic elution of a mixture obtained by thermal isomerization and photoisomerization of /3-carotene (162). Chandler and Schwartz (10), using a calcium hydroxide column and a mobile phase of hexane containing 0.3% acetone, separated six carotene isomers from canned carrots. These were, in order of elution, two cw-a-carotenes, all-tram-a-carotcnc, 13-m-/3-carotcnc, all- ram-/3-carotene, and 9-cw-/3-carotene. A mobile phase of hexane modified with 2% p-methylanisole separated all-rram-/3-carotcnc and its 9-, 13-, and 15-cis isomers in an iodine isomerized mixture (163). 

Carrots, tomatoes, and dark green vegetables are rich in specific carotenoids. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that the increased intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of lung and other epithelial cancers. Accurate food composition data have been prepared to test the association between dietary intake of specific carotenoids and disease incidence (Table 63.1). 

Figure 5.12 shows the DTA trace of the base glass composition of the most coarse particle size (125-250 /j,m) as well as the DTA traces of several binary pairs, a soda ash-calcite-silica mixture, and soda ash alone, all of particle size 90-125 /jm. The soda ash, binary, and ternary mixtures were used in order to determine (by comparison) the constituents in the base glass batch which were the significant contributors to various endothermic features along the DTA trace. The carrots along the trace correspond to the points of quench for x-ray diffraction analysis. 

Elkner, K., Horbowicz, M. and Kosson, R. (1 998) Effect of storage on contents of dietary fibre and its composition in some cultivars of red beet, root parsley and carrot. Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 49, 107-120. 

One of the highest known concentrations of carotenoids occurs in crude palm oil. It contains about 15 to 300 times more retinol equivalent than carrots, green leafy vegetables, and tomatoes. All of the carotenoids in crude palm oil are destroyed by the normal processing and refining operations. Recently, improved gentler processes have been developed that result in a red palm oil that retains most of the carotenoids. The composition of the carotenes in crude palm oil with a total carotene concentration of 673 mg/kg is shown in Table 6-5. 

Materials science associated with fracture mechanics has mainly been confined to composite materials such as concrete, ceramics and metals. Much of the emphasis of the research has been on preventing fatigue and failure rather than designing for it to occur. The way a structure deforms and breaks under stress is crucial for properties such as flow and fracture behaviour, sensory perception of structure, water release and the mobility and release of active compounds. In the case of foods, the ability to break down and interact with the mouth surfaces provides texture and taste attributes. The crack propagation in a complex supramolecular structure is highly dependent on the continuous matrix, interfacial properties and defects and the heterogeneity of the structure. Previous structure-fracture work has dealt with cellular plant foods, and it has been demonstrated that the fracture path differs between fresh and boiled carrots due to cellular adhesion and cell wall strength as well as cell wall porosity and fluid transport (Thiel and Donald 1998 Stoke and Donald 2000 Lillford 2000). 

Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do not have a consistent, or uniform, composition throughout the entire sample. A good example of this would be chicken soup. When you make chicken soup, the denser materials will sink to the bottom. If you scoop out soup to fill two bowls, it will make a difference from which area of the pot you take from. If you take a scoop from near the surface of the pot you will end up with mostly broth and the less dense items that float, such as pasta. If you take from the bottom of the pot, you will end up with more of the dense items, such as chicken and carrots. No two samples taken from the same pot will be all that similar, because this type of mixture is not uniform. Other examples of heterogeneous mixtures include a bowl of mixed nuts, a handful of sand, a chocolate chip cookie, and a scoop of rocky road ice cream. 

Carrot seed oil is used in the alcoholic beverage industry, in food flavors, and in perfume compositions. 

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