Carrier substances

Tn comparing the content of drug extract in the final product, teas in granule form are usually very much inferior to instant teas which arc prepared from spray-dried extracts teas in granular form, in addition to 97 -98% filler and carrier substances often contain only 2-3% dry extract, while in spray-dried products almost ten times as much, viz on average 20%, drug extract is present. 

The typical flavour load of a spray-dried product amounts to 18-25%. Besides the drying process, the flavour components are also encapsulated in the carrier matrix. After the slurry has been atomised , all volatile components, including water, which are located at the surface of the droplet are immediately evaporated. Thereby the remaining carrier substance forms a membrane around the droplet. This membrane is semipermeable and inhibits further evaporation of flavour molecules. This production step is controlled by diffusion mechanisms. Water as a molecule with a small molecular size can pass through the membrane, while the larger flavour molecules are not able to permeate it. 

Assaf-Anid, N., Hayes, K. F. Vogel, T. M. (1994). Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by cobalamin(II) in the presence of dithiothreitol mechanistic study, effect of redox potential and pH. Environmental Science Technology, 28, 246-52. Ballard, T. M. (1971). Role of humic carrier substance in DDT movement through forest soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 35, 145-7. 

Recovery of DNA from dilute solutions (<10 pg DNA/mL) can be enhanced by the addition of an appropriate carrier substance before ethanol precipitation. Molecular biology grade glycogen, which is available commercially, is added to the sample at a concentration of 20 to 40 pg/mL before the addition of ethanol. The dilute DNA solutions can also be concentrated by repeated extraction with. vec-butanol (mixing the solution by inverting several times) followed by centrifugation at 3000 x g for 5 minutes at room temperature, discarding the butanol phase each time. Each extraction will extract water out of the solution and hence concentrate the DNA. Finally, DNA can be ethanol precipitated. 

Table 10.1 compares the carrier substances water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide for the intake of 1 kg of stripping agent at a polymer melt temperature of 200 °C. 

Processing aids are used to directly influence the synthesis process function as reaction controllers. Depending on their chemical state they can function as reaction accelerators (the actual catalysts and starters or initiator substances), crosslinkers and/or hardeners, reaction inhibitors or catalyst deactivators, molecular weight controllers, chain splitters or lengtheners. From a chemical standpoint (structure and method of function) the radical builders, mainly peroxides and azo compounds, are treated separately from the catalysts which are mainly metals, metal oxides, salts (redox systems) and organo-metal compounds. The carrier substances, promoters and deactivators are placed in the catalyst class of substances. 

The addition of appropriate essential oils can tailor these cosmetic bases, which are acting as carrier substances, and extend their use into a variety of useful applications. 

For future reference, we shall point out the probability that at a temperature of 15°C (59°F), in a highly humid environment, a maximum of not more than 10% of the HCN will be released by the carrier substance during the first five, probably even ten minutes. 

Graph 1 Speed of vaporization of HCN from the carrier substance of Zyklon B (gypsum carrier) at various temperatures and finely dispersed, ac-cording to R. Irmscher/DEGESCH.94 ... 

Composition blend of selected carrier substances based on biphenyl and esters... 

States of deficiency (vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes, energy carrier substances)... 

A number of hydrocarbon transformations have been shown by Haensel and Donaldson 10), Heinemann et al. 11), and by Ciapetta and Hunter 12) to be catalyzed by solid catalysts in which a transition metal, notably platinum or nickel, has been combined with an acidic oxide carrier substance such as, for example, silica-alumina, or halogen containing alumina. These include the isomerization of paraffins, the hydroisomerization of naphthene rings, and the hydrogenative cracking of paraflBns. 

Ballard, T. M. (1971). Role of humic carrier substances in DDT movement through forest soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35, 145-147. 

The flexibility of the process makes it applicable to suspensions of active molecule(s) in a polymer or other carrier substances to form composite microspheres after decompression. 

Therefore, alternative carrier substances have been investigated in recent years. Among them, lipidic materials have garnered growing attention. Successful peptide or protein incorporation and delivery has been reported for liposomes [7], multi-vesicular liposome preparations [8], cubic phase gels [9], hollow lipid microparticles [10], hollow lipid microcylinders [11], microparticles [12,13], and sohd lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for intravenous applications [14,15],... 

Differentiation of sedimentary metal phases was performed on grain size fractionated samples from the lower Rhine River by successive chemical leaching (review). Pollution affects the significant increase of nonresidual associations of chromium, cop er, lead, and zinc. Except for manganese the metal contents in most of the extracted phases decrease as the grain size increases. Phase concentration factors (PCF relative enrichment of metal content in major carrier substances) are high for chromium in moderately reducible phases (20-fold increase in clay-sized particles), for manganese and zinc in the easily reducible sediment fraction (30- and 55-fold enrichment), and for copper and zinc in the carbonates (15 or 25 times compared with total sediment). 

Further insight into the processes of metal accumulation in aquatic sediments and estimations of these possible effects on biota could be expected from an analysis of the metal phases within different grain size intervals and from the correlation of metal associations with the percentages of their respective carrier substance in the sediment samples. 

Table III. Phase Concentration Factors Indicating the Relative Carrier Substances of Clay- and Silt-Sized...

Hydrates of most heavy metal nitrates have low melting points. Thus, on heating, they liquefy, decompose and leave sintered or foamed oxides of low surface area. The product may sometimes be improved by starting with lower hydrates or basic nitrates. Nitrate decomposition is important primarily in the production of carrier substances. 

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