Cardiovascular system indications

Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output, an expression of the amount of blood that the heart pumps each minute, are the key Indicators of the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Mean arterial pressure is strictly controlled, but by changing the cardiac output, a person can adapt, e.g., to increased oxygen requirement due to increased workload. Blood flow in vital organs may vary for many reasons, but is usually due to decreased cardiac output. However, there can be very dramatic changes in blood pressure, e.g., blood pressure plummets during an anaphylactic allergic reaction. Also cytotoxic chemicals, such as heavy metals, may decrease the blood pressure. 

Pathological observations indicate that lesions of the cardiovascular system can be a cause of death in patients with anaphylaxis [2], Myocardial lesions might be the anatomical basis for the irreversible cardiac failure occasionally associated with systemic anaphylaxis [3]. There is compelling evidence that the heart is directly and/or indirectly involved in several forms of anaphylaxis in man [1,4,5]. 

Acute-Duration Exposure. Clinical reports indicate that the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, stomach, liver, and kidneys in humans are target organs of chloroform toxicity after inhalation and oral exposure to chloroform (Schroeder 1965 Smith et al. 1973 Whitaker and Jones 1965). These findings are supported by results obtained from acute inhalation and oral-exposure studies in animals in which target organs identical to those observed in human studies (central nervous... 

Dopamine exhibits its primary action of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and mesentery. It is used as a temporary agent for treating hypotension and circulatory shock caused by myocardial stroke, trauma, kidney rejection, and endogenous septicemia. The main indication for use of this drag is shock of various origins (cardiogenic, postoperational, infectious-toxic, anaphylactic), severe hypotension, and imminent renal insufficiency. Synonyms of dopamine are dopamin and inotropin. 

Cardiovascular events There have been rare reports following administration of botulinum toxin type A for other indications of adverse events involving the cardiovascular system, including arrhythmia and Ml, some with fatal outcomes. Some of these patients had risk factors including pre-existing cardiovascular disease. 

The existing data indicate that, in humans, respiratory and hepatic effects result from inhalation exposure and that the liver, hematopoietic system and cardiovascular system are the target organs following intravenous injection of Thorotrast. Studies in animals have not reported effects in these... 

Extra-articular manifestations of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicate severe disease. These manifestations may occur in the eye, neurocerebral and cardiovascular system, kidney, hematopoietic system and hepato-gastrointestinal organs. The systemic extra-articular progression of autoimmune inflammation shortens a patient s life in SLE, SpA, and RA. 

A third type of dose response relationship has been proposed, which is increasingly gaining acceptance, and this is the hormetic kind. This kind of dose response, for which there is experimental evidence, involves opposite effects at low doses, giving rise to a U-shaped or J-shaped curve (Fig. 2.11). That is, there may be positive or stimulatory beneficial effects at low doses. For example, some data indicate that at low doses of dioxin, the incidence of certain cancers in animals exposed is less than occurs in controls. Another example is alcohol (ethanol), for which there is evidence from a number of studies that low to moderate intake in man leads to lower levels of cardiovascular disease. Of course, high levels of intake of alcohol are well established to cause liver cirrhosis, various cancers, and also damage to the cardiovascular system. 

No human studies were located that indicate that exposure to silver or silver compounds will affect the cardiovascular system. However, an animal study did show an increase in the relative size of the left ventricle of rats that had been chronically exposed to silver nitrate or silver chloride in drinking water. Despite the suggestion by the authors that the increase in left ventricle size may be caused by vascular hypertension, this effect has not been observed in animals or in humans. These endpoints have not been specifically addressed in reliable studies to date. 

As indicated in Table 7.6, all hazardous chemicals in electric arc furnace dust are assumed to induce deterministic responses. The possible responses include renal toxicity, effects on the cardiovascular system, dermal or ocular effects, decrease in body weight, hepatic toxicity, and respiratory toxicity. Decrease in body weight is not a response in a particular organ but is assumed to be a health effect of concern. All deterministic responses are assumed to be induced by more than one chemical in the waste. Furthermore, some of the chemicals (barium, beryllium, chromium, and lead) are assumed to induce all responses. 

Among the drugs which are known to interact with barium, the barbiturates sodium pentobarbital and phenobarbital were found to have an increased depressive effect on the hearts of rats exposed to barium (Kopp et al. 1985 Perry et al. 1983, 1989). This hypersensitivity of the cardiovascular system to anesthesia was not observed in similarly treated animals that were anesthetized with xylazine plus ketamine. Results of the study indicated that the hypersensitivity was specific to the barbiturates and not a generalized effect of anesthesia (Kopp et al. 1985). 

The safety of ultrafine particles remains to be clearly elucidated and requires the collaborative input of toxicologists (animal, cellular, molecular), epidemiologists, clinicians (pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurological), and atmospheric scientists. There are several published studies to indicate that ultrafine particles pose a higher toxicity risk compared with their larger counterparts [258-261], Figure 1 outlines the potential effects of ultrafine particles on respiratory mucosa, the cardiovascular system, and central and peripheral nervous systems, upon inhalation. 

In indications such as diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), the respiratory system, or the cardiovascular system, failure is often through the emergence of side effects. This is because the intended targets have other biological functions in other organ systems. The side effects come directly Irom the biology of the systems, they are mechanism-based. ... 

Cats have the capacity to tolerate and utilize high levels of dietary fat. Diets containing 25% fat have been selected over those containing 10-50%. Apparent digestibilities of 90% of fat (when fed at 10% of dry matter) and 97-99% (when fed at 25-50% of dry matter) have been reported. Fat in experimental diets has been raised to 64% of dry matter, without an increase in the proportion of fecal fat, indications of ketonuria, or significant pathological changes in the cardiovascular system. 

The second most common cardiovascular effect is an increase in heart rate and pulse rate (Kelly, Foltin, Fischman, 1993). Both of these effects last for about an hour, and each appears to be dose related. The peak heart rate occurs around 20 minutes after smoking. In addition to these effects, blood pressure tends to become slightly elevated. No evidence indicates that these effects create any permanent damage within the normal cardiovascular system (Institute of Medicine, 1982 Workshop on the Medical Utility of Marijuana, 1997). 

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