Carboxylic phthalates

Indanedioiie (III) may also be prepared by condensation of diethyl phthalate (V) with ethyl acetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide the resulting sodium 1 3-indanedione-2-carboxylic ester (VI) upon warming with sulphuric acid yields (HI). 

A series of glycol bis(aUyl phthalates) and bis(aUyl succinates) and their properties are reported in reference 88. In homopolymerizations, cyclization increases in the order diaUyl aliphatic carboxylates < glycol bis(allyl succinates) < glycol bis(allyl phthalates). Copolymerizations with small amounts of DAP can give thermo set moldings of improved impact (89). 

The octylphenol condensate is used as an additive to lubricating oils and surface-active agents. Other uses of dimer are amination to octylamine and octyldiphenylamine, used in mbber processing hydroformylation to nonyl alcohol for phthalate production and carboxylation via Koch synthesis to yield acids in formulating paint driers (see Drying). 

Plasticizers can be classified according to their chemical nature. The most important classes of plasticizers used in rubber adhesives are phthalates, polymeric plasticizers, and esters. The group phthalate plasticizers constitutes the biggest and most widely used plasticizers. The linear alkyl phthalates impart improved low-temperature performance and have reduced volatility. Most of the polymeric plasticizers are saturated polyesters obtained by reaction of a diol with a dicarboxylic acid. The most common diols are propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol. Adipic, phthalic and sebacic acids are common carboxylic acids used in the manufacture of polymeric plasticizers. Some poly-hydroxybutyrates are used in rubber adhesive formulations. Both the molecular weight and the chemical nature determine the performance of the polymeric plasticizers. Increasing the molecular weight reduces the volatility of the plasticizer but reduces the plasticizing efficiency and low-temperature properties. Typical esters used as plasticizers are n-butyl acetate and cellulose acetobutyrate. 

Elimination of sulfur from methyl dibenzo[/),/]thiepin-10-carboxylatcs 15 (R2 = Me) can be achieved in moderate yields (39-55%) upon refluxing in diethyl phthalate in the presence of copper bronze.60 For the dibenzo[A,/]thiepin-10-carboxylic acids 15 (R2 = H), the loss of sulfur is accompanied by decarboxylation. Thus, treatment of these acids with copper bronze in refluxing quinoline for four hours gives the corresponding phenanthrenes 16 (R3 = H) in moderate yield (50%). However, the exposure time to high temperatures influences the product formation. Thus, the decarboxyiated dibenzothiepins are obtained after refluxing for only five minutes.60... 

A titration requires a solution whose concentration is known. In Example the NaOH solution used as the titrant was known to be 0.1250 M. A titrant of known concentration is known as a standard solution, and the concentration of such a solution is determined by a standardization titration. In a standardization titration, the solution being titrated contains a known amount of acid or base. An excellent acid for standardization is potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHCg H4 O4. This substance, a carboxylic acid that contains one weakly acidic hydrogen atom per molecule, is easily obtained as a highly pure solid. A known number of moles can be weighed on an... 

Althongh the degradation of naphthalene-2-carboxylate by Burkholderia sp. strain JT 1500 involves the formation of 1-hydroxy naphthalene-2-carboxylate, this is not formed from the expected (l/ ,25)-di-l,2-dihydrodiol-2-naphthoate. Possibly, therefore, the reaction is carried out by a monooxygenase, or a dehydration step is involved. Subsequent reactions produced pyruvate and o-phthalate that was degraded via 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate (Morawski et al. 1997). Degradation of naphthalene carboxylates formed by oxidation of methyl groups has already been noted. 

It has become clear that benzoate occupies a central position in the anaerobic degradation of both phenols and alkylated arenes such as toluene and xylenes, and that carboxylation, hydroxylation, and reductive dehydroxylation are important reactions for phenols that are discussed in Part 4 of this chapter. The simplest examples include alkylated benzenes, products from the carboxylation of napthalene and phenanthrene (Zhang and Young 1997), the decarboxylation of o-, m-, and p-phthalate under denitrifying conditions (Nozawa and Maruyama 1988), and the metabolism of phenols and anilines by carboxylation. Further illustrative examples include the following ... 

Metabolites may also play a role in the association of the substrate with humic and fulvic acid components. Two illustrations are given (a) naphth-l-ol, an established fungal metabolite of naphthalene, may play a role in the association of naphthalene with humic material (Burgos et al. 1996) and (b) it has been shown that C-labeled metabolites of [9- C]-anthracene including 2-hydroxyanthracene-3-carboxylate and phthalate were not extractable from soil with acetone or dichloromethane, and required alkaline hydrolysis for their recovery (Richnow et al. 1998). 

Heat stabiliser Organotin mercaptides/sulfides/carboxylates antimony mercaptides metal carboxylates lead stearate/phosphite/phthalate/sulfate S, Sb, Sn, Ba, Ca, Cd, Mg, Sr, Zn P, Pb, S... 

The hemidecarboxylation of sodium phthaiate on reaction with mercuric acetate in boiling water [Eq. (82), X = H] (90) was the first reported thermal decarboxylation. The reaction has been observed for a number of arenes with two adjacent carboxylate groups (1-4,91) and has been named the Pesci reaction (91). Studies of 3-substituted sodium phthalates or of preformed mercuric 3-substituted phthalates have shown that the sterically hindered carboxyl group (the 2-carboxyl) is preferentially eliminated whether X is electron-donating or electron-withdrawing [Eq. (82), X = Me (91), Cl, N02 (91,93), Br (93), or C02H (94)]. A similar conclusion was drawn from the decomposition of mercuric 1,2-naph-thalenedicarboxylate and 3,4-phenanthrenedicarboxylate (91). 

The red shift of 3-amino-phthalate fluorescence when the solvent is changed from water to DMSO or another aprotic solvent is due to different hydrogen bonding above all, however, it is due to proton transfer from the amino group of the excited AP<—> to the neighboring carboxylate yielding the species (-)AP(-), so that the emitters are 51 a in water and 52 a in DMSO 1U> ... 

In non-saline sediments aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters carboxylic acids, uronic acid aldoses chloroaliphatics haloaromatics chlorophenols chloroanisoles polychlorobiphenyls polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins poychlorodibenzofurans various organosulphur compounds, chlorinated insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides mixtures of organic compounds triazine herbicides arsenic and organic compounds of mercury and tin. 

The P in KHP refers to phthalate. The phthalate ion is a benzene ring with two carboxyl groups on adjacent carbons. See Figure 5.8. Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) is useful as a primary standard because it possesses all the qualities sought in a primary standard. See Section 4.5.2. 

De Fonseca stated that 1,8-naphthyridine (1003) was obtained not only from /V-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)aminomethylenemalonate (1001, R = Me, R1 = H), but also from 2-pyridylaminomethylenemalonate (1001, R = R1 = H) by thermal cyclization in diethyl phthalate at 280°C (78MI1). This statement seems to be in opposition to the results of earlier investigations, where only pyrido[ 1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate (1002, R = R1 = H) was obtained from the 2-pyridyl derivative (1001, R = R1 = H) under thermal conditions [52JA5491 77GEP2648770, 77JCS(P1)789]. 

A review by Galli et al. describes several buffer-absorbing chromophores as co-ions. These include phthalate, PDG (2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid), PMA (1,2,4,5-benzenetetra-carboxylic acid or pyromellitic acid), TMA (trimellitic acid), MES, 2,4-dihydrobenzoic acid with s-aminocaproic acid, p-hydroxybenzoate, p-anisate, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid with TRIS, benzoic acid with tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), and many others. On the other hand, some inorganic chromophores such as chromate (Figure 9) or molybdate may be added to a buffer. A BGE-containing chromate should have a pH above 8, because it precipitates below this value. The advantage of a TRIS buffer or buffers at around pH 6 is that carbonate will not interfere with the separation because it is not soluble in TRIS or at lower pHs. 

Indanone, see Fluorene l-Indanone-7-carboxylic acid, see Acenaphthene Indene, see Di-n-butyl phthalate lodoformaldehyde, see Methyl iodide... 

BBP benzyl-butyl phthalate, DBF di-butyl phthalate, DEHP di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DIDP di-iio-decyl phthalate, DINP di-iw-nonyl phthalate, DINCH di-iso-nonyl 1,2-cyclohexane di-carboxylic acid, DEHT di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate DINP and DIDP were measured only in 62 dust samples... 

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