Carboxylated softening

Cetyl Cl 2-15 pareth-9-carboxylate . Isopropyl Cl 2-15-pareth-9-carboxylate softener, plastic lubricants PEG-32 castor oil PEG-75 castor oil PEG-160 castor oil softener, plastics... 

Cetyl C12-15 pareth-9-carboxylate Jsopropyl C12-15-pareth-9-carboxylate softener, sunscreens Maleated soybean oil softener, suppositories Isostearic acid Stearic acid softener, synthetic coolants Isostearyl ethylimidonium ethosulfate softener, synthetic fabrics Stearyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline softener, tannery... 

The most important derivatives of the carboxyl group are formed by esterification with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. Typical alcohols used iaclude methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol. These rosia esters have a wide range of softening poiats and compatibiUties. 

Diethylenetriamine and aminoethylethanolamine derivatives of mixtures of fatty acids and ether carboxylic acids are described as textile softeners for laundry baths with high electrolyte content [42]. 

Ether carboxylates are used not only in powdered detergents but in liquid laundry detergents for their hard water stability, lime soap dispersibility, and electrolyte stability they improve the suspension stability and rheology of the electrolyte builder [130,131]. Formulations based particularly on lauryl ether carboxylate + 4.5 EO combined with fatty acid salt and other anionic surfactants are described [132], sometimes in combination with quaternary compounds as softeners [133,163]. Ether carboxylates show improved cleaning properties as suds-controlling agents in formulations with ethoxylated alkylphenol or fatty alcohol, alkyl phosphate esters or alkoxylate phosphate esters, and water-soluble builders [134]. 

In the paper industry ether carboxylates are used in formulations of ink removers for wastepaper recycling [209] and quaternary softener formulations [210]. 

MAPO ( see Table IV) has also been used effectively as a curing agent for prepolymers containing carboxylic acid, and like BITA it undergoes homopolymerization and oxazoline formation, particularly in the presence of ammonium perchlorate. The polymer network formed, however, is unstable and softens rapidly when exposed to higher temperatures. This phenomenon is caused by the presence of three phosphorus—nitro-... 

Compositions and functions of typical commercial products in the 2-alkyl-l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolines series are given in Table 29. 2-Alkyl-l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazolines are used in hydrocarbon and aqueous systems as antistatic agents, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, emulsifiers, softeners, and viscosity builders. They are prepared by heating the salt of a carboxylic acid with (2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine at 150—160°C to form a substituted amide 1 mol water is eliminated to form the substituted imidazoline with further heating at 180—200°C. Substituted imidazolines yield three series of cationic surfactants by ethoxylation to form more hydrophilic products quatemization with benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, and other alkyl halides and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to amine oxides. 

The tin II product shows four peaks (from DSC data)-at 60, 85, 115 and 350 C. The tin IV product shows only two peaks at 85 and 370 C. The sodium ionomer shows peaks at 60, 95, 130 and beginning at 450 C. The pre-ionomer shows peaks at about 40, 90 and 430 C. In all cases, the highest transition appears to coincide with a loss in weight observed in the TGA and the lowest (approximately) corresponds to the softening temperature observed with the Fisher-Johns apparatus. It is believed that the lowest temperature corresponds to movement in the ethylene units and that the additional peaks may correspond to more complex movements involving the carboxylate moieties. 

All proteolytic enzymes described are fairly non-specific serine endoproteases, cleaving peptide chains preferentially at the carboxyl side of hydrophobic amino acid residues. The enzymes convert their substrates into small, readily soluble fragments which can be removed easily from fabrics. Only serine protease can be used in detergent formulations, as thiol proteases such as papain would be oxidized by the bleaching agents, acidic proteases are not active at common laundry conditions, and metalloproteases such as thermolysin would lose their metal cofactors because of complexation with the water-softening agents or hydroxyl ions. 

Several organic sealants such as epoxy resins, butyl rubber or silicones prove to be more or less permeable and the tiny amount of solvent in the cell is rapidly lost. Suitable organic sealing materials for this technology turn out to be thermoplastic materials, like polyethylene/carboxylate copolymers. So far, Surlyn 1702 ionomer from Dupont has been the main substance used to optimize cell performance and build module prototypes. However, the softening point of Surlyn is rather low (65° C) and at elevated temperatures (> 70°C), serious solvent loss is observed because the bond between Surlyn and TCO-coated glass is substantially weakened [7]. 

Rosin, the other major naval stores product, is a brittle solid that softens at 80°C. Chemically it is composed of about 90 percent resin acids and 10 percent neutral matter. The resin acids are mainly /-abietic acid and its isomers, C2oH3002. These are tricyclic mono-carboxylic acids and are diterpenes. 

Type Carboxylated polyethylene Appearance Light colored wax Density 0.974 g/cc Acid Number 40 mg KOH/g Softening Point 77C ASTM 62D... 

The deposition of a cationic softener onto cotton is always practically quantitative under real conditions, irrespective of the number of carboxylic groups [105],... 

Spontaneous copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride in the presence of a molten polymer or a bulk polymer undergoing deformation at elevated temperatures is a rapid and convenient route for carboxylating polymers. The reaction is carried out on the bulk polymer at 120° to 200°C. (depending upon the softening or melting point of the polymer) by injecting an equimolar solution of maleic anhydride in styrene into the molten polymer (II, 12). 

Under the conditions of this qualitative measurement the following observations can be made. The carboxylate ionomer displays a modest increase in the glass transition (Tg) compared with PS, but more significantly, it exhibits a plateau to temperatures greater than 150°C before a gradual softening is observed. This plateau is clearly attributable to the ionic associations persisting above the backbone Tg in this system. 

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