Carbonates IUPAC nomenclature

The replacement of an electrofugic atom or group at a nucleophilic carbon atom by a diazonium ion is called an azo coupling reaction. By far the most important type of such reactions is that with aromatic coupling components, which was discovered by Griess in 1861 (see Sec. 1.1). It is a typical electrophilic aromatic substitution, called an arylazo-de-hydrogenation in the systematic IUPAC nomenclature (IUPAC 1989c, see Sec. 1.2). 

IUPAC nomenclature names ethers as alkoxy alkanes, alkoxy alkenes, or alkoxy alkynes. The group in the chain that has the greatest number of carbon atoms is designated the parent compound. In the case of aromatic ethers, the benzene ring is the parent compound. 

To identify modified fullerenes a numbering system for the carbon atoms is necessary. According to the IUPAC nomenclature [209], based on the proposal of Taylor in 1993 [210], the carbon atoms are numbered as outlined for C6o and C70 in Fig. 29. 

We will use preferentially the current IUPAC nomenclature. On replacing a carbon atom in an aromatic hydrocarbon by a heteroatom, one can name the resulting system by combining the heteroatom s name (using the suffix a for the heteroatom) with the name of the hydrocarbon, e.g., pyridine may be called azabenzene. However, on replacing a heteroatom by another one, the new heteroatom s name... 

In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the suffix for alcohols is -ol. Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether one, two, or three organic groups are attached to the hydroxyl-bearing carbon. The nomenclature of alcohols and phenols is summarized in Secs. 7.1-7.3. 

Aldehydes, acids, and esters have roots for one and two carbons that are usually form- and acet-, rather than meth- and eth-, because these prefixes had been used so long they were grandfathered into the naming system (formaldehyde and acetic acid, rather than methanal and ethanoic acid). Departures from IUPAC nomenclature often occur for very common substances and, fortunately, they rarely can be misunderstood (ethyl alcohol instead of ethanol). 

Note that such a molecule, although mathematically possible, is not included in IUPAC nomenclature inasmuch as it can not be described with a completely conjugated system. Instead, as in phenalene ( 11 in Table 2) an extra hydrogen atom is required and one will nomenclate this molecule starting from a carbon atom, followed by a double bond. 

The IUPAC nomenclature for amines is similar to that for alcohols. The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms determines the root name. The -e ending in the alkane name is changed to -amine, and a number shows the position of the amino group along the chain. Other substituents on the carbon chain are given numbers, and the prefix N- is used for each substituent on nitrogen. 

The IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids uses the name of the alkane that corresponds to the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. The final -e in the alkane name is replaced by the suffix -ok acid. The chain is numbered, starting with the carboxyl... 

IUPAC nomenclature is generally followed . The cyclic structures are called heterometallacycles and dimetallacycles. When the ring is composed of a metal, a nonmetal, and a carbon, the rings are numbered in that order. When two metals are present, the higher atomic number metal takes precedence. Metallacyclic three-rings which contain a double bond may possess cyclopropenyl cation-like aromaticity and such structures have been proposed <84AG(E)89>. 

In IUPAC nomenclature double bonds are described with an -ene suffix attached to the name of the longest chain of carbons the suffix is -yne for... 

Common nomenclature of simple amines involves presenting the name of the alkyl group followed by the word amine (such as propylamine) this type of nomenclature is acceptable in IUPAC for simple amines. In IUPAC nomenclature, the name is based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -amine (such as 1-propanamine). Substituents on the carbon chain are located by a number substituents on the nitrogen are located with N (such as N-methyl-1-propanamine). The simplest aromatic amine is aniline. 

The A ring of the female sex hormone is aromatic thus a C-10 substituent is not possible. However, for purposes of IUPAC nomenclature, since the ring system is in the estrane group (Fig. 14-1), the A ring is named as having three conjugated double bonds (a triene). The third double bond is between carbons 5 and 10 (not 5 and 6) and so must be indicated by the number 10 in parentheses. 

IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule s longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring. All deviations, either multiple bonds or atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or suffixes according to a specific set of priorities. 

A chemical name typically has four parts in the IUPAC system of nomenclature prefix, locant, parent, and suffix. The prefix specifies the location and identity of various substituent groups in the molecule, the locant gives the location of the primary functional group, the parent selects a main part of the molecule and tells how many carbon atoms are in that part, and the suffix identifies the primary functional group. 

Fig. 2. Nomenclature of the heme group of horseradish peroxidase according to the lUB/IUPAC system. Proton-bearing carbon atoms are numbered on the structure and can be cross-referenced with the Fischer system as follows ...

Another system, which is also allowed by IUPAC and is sometimes very convenient (but which should be avoided when official names are established by IUPAC and cited in Chemical Abstracts), is the so-called a -nomenclature, in which the term phospha indicates replacement of carbon by phosphorus, e.g. phosphacyclohexane = phosphorinane, and phosphabenzene = A3- phosphorin. Five-coordinate phosphorus compounds are called phos-phoranes. However, this name is also used for phosphorus ylides with a four-coordinate phosphorus and a more or less polar R3f—CX moiety or a d -p R3P=CX double bond, e.g. methylenetriphenylphosphorane = triphenylphosphorus methylene ylide or tri-phenylphosphonium methyl ylide, Ph3P=CH2 = Ph3P—CH2. 

The IUPAC rules permit alkyl halides to be named in two different ways, called functional class nomenclature and substitutive nomenclature. In functional class nomenclature the alkyl group and the halide (fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide) are designated as separate words. The alkyl group is named on the basis of its longest continuous chain beginning at the carbon to which the halogen is attached. 

The nomenclature (qv) of polyamides is fraught with a variety of systematic, semisystematic, and common naming systems used variously by different sources. In North America the common practice is to call type AB or type AABB polyamides nylon-x or nylon-x,x, respectively, where x refers to the number of carbon atoms between the amide nitrogens. For type AABB polyamides, the number of carbon atoms in the diamine is indicated first, followed by the number of carbon atoms in the diacid. For example, the polyamide formed from 6-aminohexanoic acid [60-32-2] is named nylon-6 [25038-54-4] that formed from 1,6-hexanediamine [124-09-4] or hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid [693-23-2] is called nylon-6,12 [24936-74-1]. In Europe, the common practice is to use the designation "polyamide," often abbreviated PA, instead of "nylon" in the name. Thus, the two examples above become PA-6 and PA-6,12, respectively. PA is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) accepted abbreviation for polyamides. 

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