Nomenclature IUPAC names

Widhalm et al. (1991) reported the use of noncrosslinked polyacrylamide for protein separation in fused silica capillaries. This matrix has low viscosity and can be replaced between separations, greatly facilitating automation of the separation. A wide range of noncrosslinked polymers has been used for size-based protein separations. Noncrosslinked polymers do not form a gel, and it is inappropriate to refer to this separation as gel electrophoresis. A number of names have been used for the method. In an effort to standardize nomenclature, IUPAC has used the term capillary sieving electrophoresis. 

In addition, other systems of nomenclature for AHLs have also appeared in the literature describing them as derivatives of furanone, y-butyrolactone or 4-butanolide. For example, the above V.fischeri autoinducer can also be named as (S)-N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone,(S)-a-(3-oxohexa-noyl)amino-y-butyrolactone or (S)-2-(3-oxohexanoyl)amino-4-butanolide (another IUPAC name) [27]. 

The IUPAC nomenclature system recognizes that most of the common (commercial) polymers have source-based or semisystematic names that are well established by usage. IPUAC does not intend that such names be supplanted by the IUPAC names but anticipates that such names will be kept to a minimum. The IUPAC system is generally used for all except the common polymers. The IUPAC names for various of the common polymers are indicated below the more established source or semisystematic name in the following ... 

The IUPAC nomenclature will be used in this book with some exceptions. One exception is the use of well-established, non-IUPAC names for most of the commonly encountered polymers of commercial importance. Another exception will be in not following rule 2 for writing the constitutional repeating unit (although the correct IUPAC name will be employed). Using the IUPAC choice of the CRU leads in some cases to structures that are longer and appear more complicated. Thus the IUPAC structure for the polymer in Eq. 1-3 is... 

Lactams are named in several ways. They are named as alkanolactams by the IUPAC substitutive system, such as 3-propanolactam, 4-butanolactam, 5-pentanolactam, and 6-hexano-lactam, respectively, for the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings, respectively. An alternate IUPAC method, the specialist heterocyclic nomenclature system, names these lactams as 2-azetidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, 2-piperidinone, and hexahydro-2f/-azepi n-2-one, respectively. These lactams are also known by the trivial names fl-propiolactam, a-pyrrolidone (y-butyrolactam), a-piperidone (8-valerolactam), and e-caprolactam, respectively. 

The polymer is commonoly referred to as poly(dimethylsiloxane), but the IUPAC name is either poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl) or catena-poly[(diphenylsilicon)-p-oxo] depending on whether one uses the nomenclature rules for organic or inorganic polymers. The prefix catena refers to a linear polymer, not branched or crosslinked. 

We will base our study on the system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The system is called the IUPAC Rules. There are other semi-systematic nomenclature systems, and many individual compounds are known by nonsystematic or trivial names. These names will be given along with the IUPAC names when such trivial names are commonly used. 

We can present and illustrate the most important of the IUPAC rules for alkane nomenclature by naming the five C6H14 isomers. By definition (Table 2.2), the unbranched C6H14 isomer is hexane. 

The IUPAC rules are not the only nomenclature system in use today. Chemical Abstracts Service surveys all the world s leading scientific journals that publish papers relating to chemistry and publishes brief abstracts of those papers. The publication Chemical Abstracts and its indexes are absolutely essential to the practice of chemistry. For many years Chemical Abstracts nomenclature was very similar to IUPAC nomenclature, but the tremendous explosion of chemical knowledge has required Chemical Abstracts to modify its nomenclature so that its indexes are better adapted to computerized searching. This means that whenever feasible, a compound has a single Chemical Abstracts name. Unfortunately, this Chemical Abstracts name may be different from any of the several IUPAC names. In general, it is easier to make the mental connection between a chemical structure and its IUPAC name than its Chemical Abstracts name. 

In naming alkynes the usual IUPAC rules for hydrocarbons are followed, and the suffix -ane is replaced by -yne. Both acetylene and ethyne are acceptable IUPAC names for HC=CH. The position of the triple bond along the chain is specified by number in a manner analogous to alkene nomenclature. 

An exception to this type of nomenclature is NaC=CH, which is normally referred to as sodium acetylide. Both sodium acetylide and ethynylsodium are acceptable IUPAC names. 

Diols are almost always given substitutive IUPAC names. As the name of the product in the example indicates, the substitutive nomenclature of diols is similar to that of alcohols. The suffix -diol replaces -ol, and two locants, one for each hydroxyl group, are required. Note that the final -e of the parent alkane name is retained when the suffix begins with a consonant (-diol), but dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel (-ol). 

Section 16.1 Ethers are compounds that contain a C—O—C linkage. In substitutive IUPAC nomenclature, they are named as alkoxy derivatives of alkanes. In functional class IUPAC nomenclature, we name each alkyl group as a separate word (in alphabetical order) followed by the word ether. 

Sulfides are sulfur analogs of ethers they contain the C—S—C functional group. They are named as alkylthio derivatives of alkanes in substitutive IUPAC nomenclature. The functional class IUPAC names of sulfides are derived in the same manner as those of ethers, but the concluding word is sulfide. 

In IUPAC nomenclature, the parent molecule is called benzenol, and substituents are always numbered with the OH group being given the understood first position. For the compounds below, the first name listed is the common name and the second is the IUPAC name. 

The IUPAC publishes the definitive rules for chemical nomenclature. The IUPAC name is the official name for an organic compound. All other names are called trivial or common names. While the details can sometimes be very challenging, the basic rules are really quite simple. 

Thiols are still commonly named as mercaptans, although the proper nomenclature is that established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC). A listing of the IUPAC name, common name, and structure, is shown in Table 1. 

Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) has developed systematic nomenclature rules for polymers. As is the case with many small-molecule organic compounds, the IUPAC names are often complex and cumbersome. Therefore, polymer scientists often use common or abbreviated names, sometimes even product names. Poly[l- methoxycarbonyl)-l-methylethylene] (IUPAC) is almost always referred to as poly(methyl methacrylate), or PMMA, or even Lucite. IUPAC discourages the use of trademarked names, however unless it is importanfto refer to a specific commercial product. The IUPAC Macromolecular Nomenclature Commission recognizes a number of trivial names for common polymers (Metanomski 1999). 

In replacement nomenclature, the name of a heterocyclic compound is formed by prefixing a terms, such as oxa , thia , aza , etc. to the name of the corresponding cyclic hydrocarbon. As IUPAC Rule B-4 states that the replacement method should be applied to a homocyclic hydrocarbon, we use pentalene for this purpose. The replacement procedure forbids the use of heterocyclic parent structures and for this reason the name thiathiophthene , which is found in the literature, is not in compliance with IUPAC recommendations. Another name which is sometimes found is thiothiophthene , which is even worse because of an incorrect use of the prefix thio . 

As well as finessing the use of p and r in "inorganic" nomenclature, the proposed nomenclature discards the entire kappa convention [48]+. The molecule illustrated in Figure 25, which has the IUPAC name [2(-diphenylphosphino-Kp)-phenyl-KC1]hydrido (triphenylphosphine-Kp)nickel(II), using the phenyl abbreviation described in the footnote on page 55, would be named ... 

Although the IUPAC nomenclature is recommended in the majority of journals, it can be seen clearly that the use of jargon in respect to crown ethers and cryptands enjoys a great popularity. Not surprisingly, since their exact and complicated IUPAC names are difficult to mention frequently in the text. Common abbreviations can be found almost in all review articles 2), however, for the convenience sake, we draw attention to some of them to which is referred here. Chart 1 depicts simple examples of N,N -dimethyl diazacoronands, cryptands and more elaborated cryptands incorporating carbohydrate units. The abbreviations below each formula are easy to follow. 

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