Carbon liner

Cannulation, low-temperature, 186 Carbon liner, 170 Carbon monoxide, 85 Carbonyl ligands, 99-100 Carbon-carbon bond, 287 Carbon-vapor reactor, 159 Catalytic system... 

Composite cylinders consist of an inner container, which is over-wrapped with fiber. The inner container (called a liner) may carry part of the stress load or may just serve as a permeation barrier. The fiber carries the majority of the stress load. Fibers may be glass, aramid or carbon. Liners are made of aluminum, steel or plastic. Composite cylinders encompass three general styles—hoop-wrap style, fiber-wrap style, and all composite style. The hoop style has a metal liner (steel or aluminum) that carries about one-half of the stress and the fiber (wrapped only in the hoop direction) carries the other portion of the stress. The full wrap style has a thin metallic liner, which basically does not carry any of the stress load, and the liner is wrapped in alternate layers in the hoop and longitudinal directions. The all-composite style has a plastic liner, which serves as a permeation barrier, and the liner is wrapped in alternate layers in the hoop and longitudinal directions to carry the entire pressure stress load. The allcomposite style requires a special metal insert at one end to permit installation of a valve. 

Hall-Heroult smelting process A continuous electrolytic process used to produce aluminium fmm alumina. The alumina is dissolved in a bath of sodium aluminium chloride called cryolite that contains alumina fluoride and calcium fluoride. The solution is heated to 950 C in a steel tank with a carbon liner. Caibon anodes are lowered into the solution with the liner being the cathode. Electrolytic action separates the alumina into liquid aluminium, which collects at the cathode, and oxygen at the anode, which combines with the carbon to form carbon dioxide gas. It was invented in 1886simultaneously and independently by American chemist Charles M. Hall (1863-1914) and French scientist Paul L. T. ffiroult (1863-1914). 

The skull may be due to cooling (for example, a molten material in contact with a water-cooled copper hearth) or the formation of a reaction layer (such as molten titanium in contact with a carbon liner, giving a TiC skull). 

An important appHcation of MMCs in the automotive area is in diesel piston crowns (53). This appHcation involves incorporation of short fibers of alumina or alumina—siHca in the crown of the piston. The conventional diesel engine piston has an Al—Si casting alloy with a crown made of a nickel cast iron. The replacement of the nickel cast iron by aluminum matrix composite results in a lighter, more abrasion resistant, and cheaper product. Another appHcation in the automotive sector involves the use of carbon fiber and alumina particles in an aluminum matrix for use as cylinder liners in the Prelude model of Honda Motor Co. 

Typically, reactors require some type of catalyst. Reactors with catalyst can be of the fixed-bed style for fiuid-bed types. Fixed-bed reactors are the most common. The feed often enters the reactor at an elevated temperature and pressure. The reaction mixtures are often corrosive to carbon steel and require some type of stainless steel alloy or an alloy liner for protection. If the vessel wall is less than 6 mm, the vessel is constmcted of all alloy if alloy is provided. Thicker reactor walls can be fabricated with a stainless overlay over a carbon steel or other lower alloy base steel at less cost than an all-alloy wall constmction. 

Lined pipe collapsed at gasket area or ID due to buildup of corrosion products between liner and carbon-steel pipe. 

In a third process, a loose liner is fastened to a carbon steel shell by welds spaced so as to prevent collapse of the hner. A fourth method is weld overlay, which involves depositing multiple layers of alloy weld metal to cover the steel surface. 

White cast iron is brittle and difficult to machine. It is made by controlling the composition and rate of solidification of the molten iron so that all the carbon is present in the combined form. Very abrasive- and wear-resistant, white cast iron is used as liners and for grinding balls, dies, and pump impellers. 

Carbon residue, pour point, and viseosity are important properties in relation to deposition and fouling. Carbon residue is found by burning a fuel sample and weighing the amount of earbon left. The earbon residue property shows the tendeney of a fuel to deposit earbon on the fuel nozzles and eombustion liner. Pour point is the lowest temperature at whieh a fuel ean be poured by gravitational aetion. Viseosity is related to the pressure loss in pipe flow. Both pour point and viseosity measure the tendeney of a fuel to foul the fuel system. Sometimes, heating of the fuel system and piping is neeessary to assure a proper flow. 

Thermal oxidizers must be built to provide the residence time and temperatures to achieve the desired destruction efficiency (DE). As such, thermal oxidizers are comparatively larger than catalytic oxidizers since their residence time is two to four times greater. Historical designs of thermal oxidizers were comprised of carbon steel for the outer shell and castable refractory or brick as the thermal liner (a refractory is like a cement, which is put on the inside of the rector shell to act as a thermal insulation barrier). Modern units are designed and built using ceramic fiber insulation on the inside, which is a lightweight material, and has a relatively long life. Old refractory would tend to fail over a period of years by attrition of expansion and contraction. 

Figure 12-8A. Piston rings. The piston rod is manufactured from heat-treated stainless steel and is coated with wear-resistant overlays, such as ceramic, chromium oxide, and tungsten carbide applied by plasma techniques. Piston rod cross-head attachment has mechanical preloading system for the threads. Rider rings and seal rings are manufactured from PTFE filled resins fillers are matched to the gas, piston speed, and liner specifications. Typical fillers are glass, carbon, coke, or ceramic. (Used by permission Bui. BCNA-3P100. Howden Process Compressors Incorporated. All rights reserved.)...

This is of more significance in corrosive or polymer-forming services than in clean hydrocarbon or air applications. For example in hydrogen chloride and chlorine service using cylinders with either (a) cast iron liners or (b) carbon piston rings, a speed of around 600 ft per min is acceptable. 

PTFE, known under the trade names Teflon and Fluon, is resistant to all chemicals, except molten alkalies and fluorine, and can be used at temperatures up to 250°C. It is a relatively weak material, but its mechanical strength can be improved by the addition of fillers (glass and carbon fibres). It is expensive and difficult to fabricate. PTFE is used extensively for gaskets and gland packings. As a coating, it is used to confer non-stick properties to surfaces, such as filter plates. It can also be used as a liner for vessels. 

Polymerizations. The polymerizations were carried out in an argon atmosphere in capped glass bottles fitted with a neoprene rubber gasket inner liner. In charging the polymerizations, the order of addition of materials was solvent first, then metal alkyls, next the barium salt, and finally the monomer(s). The amount of metal alkyl charged was sufficient to titrate the acidic impurities present in the solvent and polymerization bottle, plus the calculated amount for initiation of polymerizations. The mole ratio of barium to metal alkyl(s) was based on the moles of total alkalinity of barium to the moles of carbon-metal assayed. Unless otherwise stated,... 

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