Carbon fuels INDEX

Some of the more critical properties related to marine fuels include ash content, carbon residue, calculated carbon aromaticity index (CCAI), density, sulfur, total sediment, and viscosity. A description of these properties and the primary reason for their implementation are provided below ... 

It is impractical to determine the cetane number of residual fuels in the ASTM D-613 cetane engine. Because of this, the Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index and the Calculated Ignition Index were respectively developed by Shell and BR These values can be determined from the following equations where d = Density in kg/m3 59°F (15°C) and v = Viscosity in cSt 122°F (50°C). 

Ito, O. Seki, H. lino, M. Diffuse reflectance spectra in near-i.r. region of coals a new index for degrees of coalification and carbonization. Fuel 1988, 67, 573-578. 

Highly pure lanthanum oxide is used to make optical glass of high refractive index for camera lenses. It also is used to make glass fibers. The oxide also is used to improve thermal and electrical properties of barium and strontium titanates. Other applications are in glass polishes carbon arc electrodes fluorescent type phosphors and as a diluent for nuclear fuels. In such apph-cations, lanthinum oxide is usually combined with other rare earth oxides. 

Review of Fuel Cell Commercial Potential for DTI and the Carbon Trust, Final Report, February 2003. http//www.dti.gov.u/energy/publications/pdfs/index.shtml... 

CA 54, 16834(1960XGombustion catalysts Prussian blue, Amm dichromate, fine carbon, MgO or sulfurized substituted diphenylene blue dye with color index of 956, for use in gas-producting materials suitable for use as rocket fuels) 2)W. Proell et al,... 

Index Entries Acid pretreatment carbonic acid ASPEN-Plus model alcohol fuels biomass. 

The fraction of diesel-oil-like hydrocarbons had also a triple sequence and the main aliphatic componnds may be characterized with carbon numbers 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27. In contrast with the experimental results of naphtha diesel oil had considerably lower concentration of aromatics. In the case of each MPW sample its concentration was not more than 1%, because aromatics with lower boiling point stayed in the naphtha-like fraction. Similarly, as mentioned above, the diesel-oil-like fraction also had favourable properties for further fuel-like application. The olefin content was a bit smaller than in case of naphtha-like fractions, because cracking reaction resulting olefins (e.g. P-scission) produced hydrocarbons with a shorter length of carbon chain. Both cetane numbers and diesel indexes of products were high enough, while the CFPP was rather low. 

Rating index for liquefaction is given in equation (2) which is defined as product of liquid yield and higher heating value of pyrolysis liquids divided by mole of hydrogen required per mole of carbon in biomass liquids for upgrading to premium fuel. 

However, multi-time use of the carbon as the energy carrier is very much effective on the reduction of CO2 emission index. In Fig. 4, if half CO2 of the synthetic fuel can be... 

Kerosene can vary widely in its burning quality as measured by carbon deposition, smoke formation, and flame radiation. This is a function of hydrocarbon composition—paraffins have excellent burning properties, in contrast to those of the aromatics (particularly the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons). As a control measure the smoke point test (ASTM D-1322, IP 57) gives the maximum smokeless flame height in millimeters at which the fuel will burn in a wick-fed lamp under prescribed conditions. The combustion performance of wide-cut fuels correlates well with smoke point when a fuel volatility factor is included, because carbon formation tends to increase with boiling point. A minimum smoke volatility index (SVI) value is specified and is defined as ... 

Coal is an affordable source of energy insofar as coal prices have historically been lower and more stable than oil and gas prices, and despite the growth of index and derivative-based sales in recent years, this has typically remained the case. Placing a cost on carbon emissions more directly will, in certain circumstances, put pressure on this interfuel cost relationship. However, coal is likely to remain the most affordable fuel for power generation in many developing and industrialized countries for several decades. 

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