Carbon indices

Upgrading heavy oil (atmospheric residue) can make better use of limited petroleum resources. Because the feedstock has a high Conradson carbon index (4-10%) and contains much sulfur and heavy metals (S 0.2-3.5%, V and Ni 6-170 ppm), its upgrading in FFB encounters the following problems ... 

One of these is the free carbon index (FCI) concept, which is a measure of the number of carbons in an isoparaffin located at least four (e) carbons from a terminal carbon and more than three carbons away from a side chain (see Figure 12.7 for examples) and is defined as... 

Finally, some other parameters may be used for soil classification for specific purposes, namely dry density, clay activity, mineralogical nature, saturation index, permeability, compressibility index (Cd, swelling index and carbonate index. 

CO2 emission Gt Agricultural production Gt Wood production Gt Paper production tx 10 Total Carbon Index Mt... 

Total Carbon Index Mt Population X 10 Carbon Index per capita... 

The data of Table 6.19 show that the per capita world average for 1995 is 5.15, a value exceeded by most developed nations. These data reflect the importance of a nation s impact on the global carbon cycle. As with the ecological footprint, the carbon index could be applied at local, regional and national scales. 

With the accumulation of results obtained from various and complex analyses of narrow cuts (Waterman method), correlations have been found f ctween refractive index, specific gravity and molecular weight on one hand, and percentages of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic carbon on the other. 

In order to maintain high energy efficiency and ensure a long service life of the materials of construction in the combustion chamber, turbine and jet nozzle, a clean burning flame must be obtained that minimizes the heat exchange by radiation and limits the formation of carbon deposits. These qualities are determined by two procedures that determine respectively the smoke point and the luminometer index. 

The elements of an organic compound are listed in empirical formulas according to the Hill system [8] and the stoichiometry is indicated by index numbers. Hill positioned the carbon and the hydrogen atoms in the first and the second places, with heteroatoms following them in alphabetical order, e.g., C9H11NO2. However, it was recognized that different compounds could have the same empirical formula (see Section 2.8.2, on isomerism). Therefore, fine subdivisions of the empirical... 

The Wiener index was originally defined only for acyclic graphs and was initially called the path number [6]. "The path number, W, is defined as the sum of the distances between any two carbon atoms in the molecule in terms of carbon-carbon bonds". Hosoya extended the Wiener index and defined it as the half-sum of the off diagonal elements of a distance matrix D in the hydrogen-depleted molecular graph of Eq, (15), where dij is an element of the distance matrix D and gives the shortest path between atoms i and j. 

Index of hydrogen deficiency (Section 13 23) A measure of the total double bonds and nngs a molecule contains It is determined by comparing the molecular formula C Hj. of the compound to that of an alkane that has the same number of carbons according to the equation... 

Kovat s retention index for a normal alkane is 100 times the number of carbons thus... 

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