Carbon disulfide toxicity

Beauchamp RO Jr, BusJS, Popp JA, et al A critical review of the literature on carbon disulfide toxicity. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 11 169-278, 1983... 

Sharma SC, Chopra YM. 1981. Effect of carbon disulfide toxicity on carbohydrate metabolism [Abstract], Indian J Biochem Biophys 18 147. 

I. Mechanism of toxicity. Carbon disulfide toxicity appears to involve dismption of a number of metabolic pathways in various organ systems, including but not limited to the central nervous system. Although key toxic effects have been attributed to the functional disruption of enzymes, especially in dopamine-dependent systems, carbon disulfide is widely reactive with a variety of biologic substrates, ii. Toxic dose... 

IV. Diagnosis of carbon disulfide toxicity is based on a history of exposure along with consistent signs and symptoms of one of its toxic manifestations. Industrial hygiene data documenting airborne exposure, if available, are useful diagnostically and In initiating protective measures. 

The solubiHty of phosphoms in water is about 3 ppm. However, process water used in phosphoms manufacture or handling often catties larger amounts of phosphoms as particulates or small droplets, depending on the water temperature. Phosphoms-contaminated water is commonly called phossy water. Phosphoms has low solubiHty in most common solvents, but is quite soluble in carbon disulfide and some other special solvents. The solubiHty in CS2 and benzene was formerly used in phosphoms analyses, but toxicity and increasing waste disposal costs have led to mote use of toluene and xylene, and mote tecentiy to the use of nonchemical turbidity measurements. 

The most important hazard ia the manufacturiag of xanthates is the use of carbon disulfide (qv) because of its low flash poiat, ignition temperature, and its toxicity. A report on the manufacture of sodium ethyl xanthate at Keimecott Nevada Mines Division discusses the various safety problems and the design of a faciUty (81). A plant layout and a description of the reagent preparations are also given. 

Carbon disulfide [75-15-0] (carbon bisulfide, dithiocarbonic anhydride), CS2, is a toxic, dense liquid of high volatiUty and fiammabiUty. It is an important industrial chemical and its properties are well estabUshed. Low concentrations of carbon disulfide naturally discharge into the atmosphere from certain soils, and carbon disulfide has been detected in mustard oil, volcanic gases, and cmde petroleum. Carbon disulfide is an unintentional by-product of many combustion and high temperature industrial processes where sulfur compounds are present. 

Toxicants that act via the CNS Dithiocarbamate pesticides Carbon disulfide Manganese... 

The hazards of chemicals are commonly detected in the workplace first, because exposure levels there are higher than in the general environment. In addition, the exposed population is well known, which allows early detection of the association between deleterious health effects and the exposure. The toxic effects of some chemicals, such as mercury compounds and soot, have been known already for centuries. Already at the end of the eighteenth century, small boys who were employed to climb up the inside of chimneys to clean them suffered from a cancer of the scrotum due to exposure to soot. This was the first occupational cancer ever identified. In the viscose industry, exposure to carbon disulfide was already known to cause psychoses among exposed workers during the nineteenth century. As late as the 1970s, vinyl chloride was found to induce angiosarcoma of the liver, a tumor that was practically unknown in ocher instances. ... 

The use of other highly toxic substances, such as lead and carbon disulfide, which have in the past caused many occupational diseases, is also rare in... 

The resins as a class are colorl.odorl, non-toxic and have v good aging characteristics. The initial mp (or glass transition temp) is 28 (Ref 4). The polymer of 24,500 mw is sol in chlf, benz, py, dicxane and acet msoi in carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, hexane,etc... 

AnUine, however, is too toxic for use in mbber products. Its less toxic reaction product with carbondisulfide, thiocarbanihde, was introduced as an accelerator in 1907. Further developments led to guanidine accelerator [4]. Reaction products formed between carbon disulfide and aliphatic amines (dithiocarbamates) were first used as accelerators in 1919 [5]. These were and still are the most active accelerators in respect to both cross-finking rates and extent of cross-link formation. However, most dithiocarbamates accelerators give little or no scorch resistance and therefore cannot be used in aU applications. 

Gagnaire F, Simon P, Bonnet P, et al. 1986. The influence of simultaneous exposure to carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide on the peripheral nerve toxicity and metabolism of carbon disulfide in rats. Toxicol Lett 34 175-183. 

Caution 1,2-Dichloroethane and carbon disulfide are toxic and should be handled only in an efficient hood. 

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicology Profile for Carbon Disulfide (update), pp 219. Atlanta, GA, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1996... 

Sodium azide is a toxic as well as an explosive substance (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd e(j New York John Wdey Sons). Although inert to shock, violent decomposition can occur when heated at 275°C. Contact of solid or solution with lead and copper must be avoided. Reactions with halogens, carbon disulfide, or chromyl chloride can be explosive. Dissolution in water produces toxic vapors of hydrazoic acid. The salt is an acute poison causing headache, hypotension, hypothermia, and convulsion. 

Caution. Carbon disulfide is highly flammable and toxic and should be vented out through an efficient fume hood. 

Nonmetallic neurotoxins are frequently used in industry in manufacturing of chemicals and resins or as solvents. Some examples are hydrogen sulfide (which paralyzes specifically the nervous centers that control respiratory movement), carbon disulfide, -hexane, methyl -butyl ketone, and acrylamide. Exposure to all of these substances may occur through inhalation of vapors. In addition, carbondisufide and acrylamide may enter the system by dermal absorption. -Hexane and methyl -butyl ketone are not toxic by themselves but are activated by cytochrome P-450 to the neurotoxic hexanedione (CH3COCH2CH2COCH3). 

Neurotoxins The term refers to a specific target organ characterization of effect. Neurotoxins are chemicals which produce their primary toxic effects on the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms are narcosis, behavioral changes, and decrease in motor functions. Examples are mercury and carbon disulfide. 

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